tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44079833886940541732024-03-12T17:06:07.969-07:00Research paper serviceJanehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.comBlogger235125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-52681852769962953162020-08-28T04:11:00.001-07:002020-08-28T04:11:05.957-07:00Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement AddressToday is both an end, and a start. In the wake of thirteen difficult years we have at long last finished up our Kutztown training. Itââ¬â¢s been a rough street, loaded up with thrashings, triumphs, and shocks. Weââ¬â¢ve took in a ton en route, and not simply science and math and English, in spite of the fact that our instructors have ensured we gotten a lot of that as well. Seeing similar individuals for quite a while has shown us what fellowship isââ¬and isnââ¬â¢t, and weââ¬â¢ve discovered that life isn't in every case reasonable. Weââ¬â¢ve additionally built up some fascinating aptitudes, similar to how to avoid bucketsââ¬or freshmanââ¬in a jam-packed passage on a stormy day. Or on the other hand how to fend off warmth stir in the boiling science wing and hypothermia in the over cooled English homerooms. All things considered, we despite everything figured out how to shout the most intense of any class at each pre-game event since our first year. Weââ¬â¢ve e ndure social shows and state administered tests and finals. Furthermore, presently, after all the schoolwork and the late evenings considering and the 14,580 hours of sitting in class, yes I crunched the numbers, weââ¬â¢re here to commend the way that weââ¬â¢ve made it. At the point when we began kindergarten this second appeared to be so awfully far away. We were just five years of age ourselves, and thirteen years should have been an unfathomable length of time. When we arrived at middle school we were excessively bustling stressing over whether we would have the option to open our storage spaces or recall where our classes were to really think about the progression of time. By ninth grade there was the disgrace of being green beans, and afterward in a matter of moments three years had passed and our senior year had snuck up on us. Out of nowhere all that we did was an achievement; our last show, our last gathering, our last test, even our last day of classes. By this point senoritis had set in, and we were prepared to leave and... ... not to tune in. Without your commitment we would not be the place we are today, and I donââ¬â¢t think Iââ¬â¢m alone in saying that I consider a large number of you companions, and not simply instructors. To the band and the stage group, a debt of gratitude is in order for assisting on our exceptional night. What's more, to the class of 2004: sail. Sail from this spot into the huge and unchartered future, yet donââ¬â¢t neglect to think back each every so often and recollect where you originated from. Secondary school is finished, yet you can take the recollections made here with you any place you go. Pack them away in your heart, and when youââ¬â¢re feeling apprehensive or debilitated recollect the excitement of dominating that football match, or the glow of your best friendââ¬â¢s grin, or the security of more straightforward occasions. In any case, don't choose not to move on everlastingly, for the time has come to proceed onward. Follow your heart, go after your f antasies. The world anticipates us, and itââ¬â¢s time to make it our own. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-22331691739117369152020-08-22T14:18:00.001-07:002020-08-22T14:18:19.512-07:00The process of growth and thus there is no optimum size of firm EssayThe procedure of development and therefore there is no ideal size of firm - Essay Example The monetary hypothesis has confidence in the reason that an association would exponentially increment fit as a fiddle if its development and improvement systems are in accordance with its prerequisites and wants over the long haul. This infers the discussion that the procedure of development is basically connected with its prosperity, both inside the transient condition just as over the long haul plan of things (Napach 1998). It is effectively deducible from the said point of view that there is no ideal size of the firm yet it is a relative issue in any case. The attention must stay on the way in which the firm if developing to make it sound as large as opposed to passing by the sheer size. The worldwide and provincial settings of the firm are imperative to comprehend in light of the fact that this is an indication of extension and development which are truly apparent inside the main part of things. In this way the contention that the procedure of development is connected with the firm as far as its extension and improvement appears to be substantial yet without its ideal size simultaneously. This is on the grounds that organizations like to connect their own selves with the developing requests of the business as opposed to opening up workplaces which are neither sensible nor controllable. There is a critical need to appreciate that a firm will possibly develop on the off chance that it needs to develop from its own underlying foundations, instead of counts on domains which are unnecessary for its own premise. Size is in this manner a side-effect of a firmââ¬â¢s development and is simply an issue of the measurements which are available inside the setting of the firm itself. These are hailed as minor and have no job at all in its development and advancement systems (Penrose 1995). The contention appears to be consistent in light of the fact that a firm would just rely upon its assets to get it to a position where it was never a piece of, as opposed to relying a lot upon the perspectives which would expand its size, which is not yet clear as a significant power to deal with in the evolving Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-54767181349678896212020-08-21T12:00:00.001-07:002020-08-21T12:00:26.912-07:00Filipino Psychology essaysFilipino Psychology papers We have talked about creation an examination on the brain science of the Filipinos, and the field I picked is on Personality. Much has been composed and many research contemplates directed on Filipino character. Be that as it may, past written works have examined related subjects on values, character attributes, conduct, and standards of direct of the Filipino in the light utilized by Western techniques, utilizing Western language not indigenous to the Filipino culture. By the by, there have been considers directed that attempted to utilize Filipino phrasings that have typefied social worth qualities as got from Malay roots, and Chinese, Indian, Spanish, and American impacts (Andres,1981). Ongoing investigations via Landa Jocano show that underneath these social assorted varieties of the Filipino, fundamental likenesses despite everything exist in institutional conduct and worth direction. The explanation hence in making this investigation is to comprehend the Filipino worth framework in light of the fact that to comprehend it is to acknowledge Filipino conduct. This paper tries to discover what is the mentality of the fourth year Psychology Students of Xavier University as a vital aspect for understanding Filipino conduct and character. 1. To show the structure of Filipino measures of greatness (pamantayan) 2. To recognize the ideas of attractive attributes. 3. To count the standards individuals need to accomplish. 4. To assess the demeanor of fourth year Psychology understudies of Xavier University in the light of the gauges as a worth model. 1. Identify the objective populace in yr this case the fourth year brain science understudies of Xavier University. 2. See them by and by before leading the real examination to clarify that they are one of the subjects under investigation. 3. Write a proper letter and cause them to resolve to answer the survey as really as could be expected under the circumstances. ... <! filipino brain research expositions We have talked about creation an examination on the brain research of the Filipinos, and the field I picked is on Personality. Much has been composed and many research contemplates directed on Filipino character. However, past written works have talked about related subjects on values, character characteristics, conduct, and standards of lead of the Filipino in the light utilized by Western strategies, utilizing Western language not indigenous to the Filipino culture. By and by, there have been examines directed that attempted to utilize Filipino phrasings that have typefied social worth characteristics as got from Malay roots, and Chinese, Indian, Spanish, and American impacts (Andres,1981). Ongoing examinations via Landa Jocano show that underneath these social assorted varieties of the Filipino, essential similitudes despite everything exist in institutional conduct and worth direction. The explanation thusly in making this investigation is to comprehend the Filipino worth framework on the grounds that to comprehend it is to acknowledge Filipino conduct. This paper looks to discover what is the demeanor of the fourth year Psychology Students of Xavier University as a vital aspect for understanding Filipino conduct and character. 1. To show the structure of Filipino gauges of greatness (pamantayan) 2. To distinguish the ideas of attractive qualities. 3. To list the standards individuals need to accomplish. 4. To assess the disposition of fourth year Psychology understudies of Xavier University in the light of the principles as a worth model. 1. Identify the objective populace in yr this case the fourth year brain science understudies of Xavier University. 2. See them by and by before leading the genuine investigation to clarify that they are one of the subjects under examination. 3. Write a proper letter and cause them to resolve to answer the survey as actually as could be expected under the circumstances. ... <! Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-33457971091057165172020-05-26T15:09:00.001-07:002020-05-26T15:09:04.537-07:00The Argumentative Essay Topics about Athletes Cover Up The Argumentative Essay Topics about Athletes Cover Up An essay introduces claims about either side of an issue. I am sure this will assist you in future and you'll have the ability to compose an impressive essay. The thesis provides you with a guideline about how to go about with writing the essay. Your thesis needs to be relevant so the report can use a structure that's flexible in order to fit in the shoes of the readers. Virtually all the teachers follow this pattern whilst checking your essays. These are the sorts of things you'll be exploring when you compose a parenting argumentative essay. There are some who are great in writing essays about realities and not about abstracts while some are somewhat more proficient in finding works of fiction. The introduction should offer general information which will be included in the post. If you read the rest of this blog carefully and follow all the instructions and tips then it isn't impossible to become great grades in your essay, as you are able to get all the needed essay writing guide here. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Now, if you would like to perfect your argumentative essay writing skills, then you should participate in extracurricular essay writing practice. This sort of essay focuses on proving your stance is valid, therefore it turns theory into fact. Having selected a superior topic to argue about, at this point you will need to make an argumentative essay outline. Do not neglect to develop an efficient outline to be successful! Read and analyze some persuasive essay examples to find out more regarding the structure and vocabulary employed within this kind of essay. This list of easy argumentative essay topics can help you to practice and find the essential writing abilities. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. Without these 3 standard components, your essay is going to be considered incomplete. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Read the list and stay in mind that interesting topics are an appropriate way for an intriguing assignment. This informative article won't only show you just how to choose argumentative essay topics, but it is going to also teach you just how to compose the undertaking, also! When you have decided on the topic through our guide, we'll also supply you with article writing samples and templates which will also steer you through the writing. Take a look at how to think of an essay topic! The above-mentioned topic selection may give you a crystal clear comprehension of what things to write about. You should also think of the quantity of information readily available to you about this issue you're rushing towards. Picking an emotional topic is also a superb idea. No matter this issue, you could always rely on their help! Spam mail ought to be outlawed. When you are requested to pick a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with. It's possible to also restate the ideas which you have discussed in the body paragraphs in order to make your point valid. They don't know how to make certain that their points are persuasive enough. The trick to scoring well with these kinds of topics is that the writer knows the health care facts. Use transition words in order to connect the paragraphs and create the point flow. However, according to numerous scholars and activists there's still a very long way to go. The problem of athletic fitness ought to be dealt which much more strictness. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. Naturally, it's the topics you may have a tiny laugh about! Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-41303780270369906682020-05-15T21:45:00.001-07:002020-05-15T21:45:05.861-07:00The Need for Quality After School Programs in American... The Need for Quality After School Programs in American Schools Since the fall of 1997 America has experienced a rapid increase in the number of school shootings. These crimes have been completely non-discriminate towards either social status or ethnicity. What these incidents do have in common is the fact that students between the ages of 10 to 16 committed them. When later interviewed, most of the students who instigated these crimes reported feeling like ââ¬Å"lonersâ⬠or ââ¬Å"outcastsâ⬠within their student body and communities. It has been the direct effect of these violent acts that people across America are looking towards permanent solutions for these problems and the need for quality after-school programs has come into the nationalâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Children, families and communities can all benefit greatly from quality after-school programs. The majority of the time spent by unsupervised children and youth is either watching television or with peers in unsupervised activities. Quality after-school programs p rovide a safe, supervised environment for these young people and children. After-school programs also provide structured supervised activities, which improves the overall learning process. The students involved in quality after-school programs create more positive relationships with their peers and also with caring responsible adults with whom these students can foster lasting bonds. This in turn helps to harvest students with a higher level of self-esteem. Students that perform better in academics as well as develop stronger social skills. In his speech on the issue of childcare President Clinton said the following: ââ¬Å"Improving after-school care is integral to improving child care across our countryâ⬠¦ Through after-school programs we can bring parents the peace of mind that comes with knowing their children are safe. We can teach our children to say no to drugs and yes to reading, sports and computers.â⬠(The White House at Work 1/26/99) The president also mentioned his plan to provide these services to parents who could not otherwise affordShow MoreRelatedCommunity After School Program Essay1455 Words à |à 6 PagesMontgomery County After School Program caters to children ages 5-11 years of age. The Mid County Center After School Program receives children from Bel Pre and Strathmore Elementary Schools. Both schools are considered Title I, which means that the school has a majority of children from low-income families. The school provides free breakfast and lunch to all students. Bel Pre and Strathmo re Elementary School receive funding from Elementary and Secondary Education Act to assist the schools in meeting theRead MoreTitle Viii Nursing Workforce Development1537 Words à |à 7 Pagesindustry is in need of a strong nursing workforce that can provide quality care. The present nursing shortage is only predicted to worsen as the baby boomers retire and health care needs expand. The shortage is projected to reach more than one million nurses, and reform is needed to increase the interest in nursing therefore funding is needed for this transformation ((American Association of College of Nursing, n.d.). Prevention is essential to quality care therefore public health nurses need to be trainedRead MoreHigh Quality Universal Pre K Can Reduce Achievement Gaps For Minority And Low Income Children1045 Words à |à 5 PagesBrannan High-Quality Universal Pre-K can reduce achievement gaps for minority and low-income children To: Barbara Boxer From: Erin Brannan Date: May 1, 2016 Re: High-Quality Universal Pre-K can reduce achievement gaps for minority and low-income children Statement of Issue: Many minority children and children from low-income families enter kindergarten without the academic skills they need to succeed. Math and reading abilities at kindergarten entry are powerful predictors of later school success.Read MoreNational Debt Is Necessary For The Funding Of Federal Programs1210 Words à |à 5 Pagesnecessary for the funding of federal programs. Government spending is not only a focus of the United Stateââ¬â¢s political system, but it affects oneââ¬â¢s personal choices and lifestyle. There is a concern with where and why money is spent. A key aspect of government spending is allocated to education. Education is fundamental in how one benefits society and the economy. The United States education program is not only necessary for the success of the country, but it is in need of a more efficient system withRead MoreThe Importance Of Physical Education On American Schools1412 Words à |à 6 Pages The Importance of Physical Education in American Schools Review Hommes, Tiffany J., Bemidji State University, USA Background Many children in America do not receive the needed amount of physical activity needed to maintain a healthy weight. Approximately17% of children are obese (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2016) and 1 in 3 children are overweight or obese (American Heart Association, 2016). This is a local and national emergency that needs to be addressed to keep children healthy, preventRead MoreThe Significance Of Physical Education Essay1212 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Significance of Physical Education in American Schools Review Hommes, Tiffany J., Bemidji State University, USA Background Many children in America do not receive the needed amount of physical activity needed to maintain a healthy weight. Approximately17% of children are obese (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2016) and one in three children are overweight or obese (American Heart Association, 2016). This is a local and national emergency that needs to be addressed to keep children healthyRead MoreThe Public Educational System Of The University Of Alabama955 Words à |à 4 Pagesstudents come from privileged backgrounds which hinders them from understanding the educational restraints that low income public schools face every day. Being able to talk with people who may or may not share similar views as myself has always been essential for my continuing success. Being part of a minority, I am continuously searching for professional development programs that challenge my analytical thinking on sociopolitical issues affecting this country, such as the educational system and howRead More Special Education I mplementation For Native American Girls Essay1712 Words à |à 7 PagesNative American Girls Quality education for children has been an ongoing issue for todays society. There has also been an increasing concern for the education of students with special needs. The effect of these concerns has been noted in many communities, such as the Native American community. The population of special education students in the Native American communities is not necessarily higher than others, however, their community is effected, therefore also in need of qualityRead MoreEssay about Social Injustice1119 Words à |à 5 Pageshousing, and medical care and necessary social services,â⬠states Article 25.1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Unfortunately today, American citizens do not have equal access to health care, as they should be given. Federal programs and health care companies know that they donââ¬â¢t all have the same health status nor do they have the same access to quality health care services. Even though the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that all humans are legally to have fair and equal accessRead MoreOrganizational Impact On Nursing And Nursing Education1602 Words à |à 7 Pagesinfluenced the practice of providing quality care to the public and propelled Nursing to the profession that it is today. Among these groups are the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN), American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), and Institute of Medicine (IOM). We will discuss how these three organizations have impacted nursing and the nursing education. The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) looks to educate nurses in improving the quality and safety of patient care in the Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-72789904418039322692020-05-06T17:08:00.001-07:002020-05-06T17:08:03.963-07:00Essay on The Handmaids Tale as a Warning to Society The Handmaids Tale as a Warning to Society nbsp; Margaret Atwoods renowned science fiction novel, The Handmaids Tale, was written in 1986 during the rise of the opposition to the feminist movement. Atwood, a Native American, was a vigorous supporter of this movement. The battle that existed between both sides of the womens rights issue inspired her to write this work. Because it was not clear just what the end result of the feminist movement would be, the author begins at the outset to prod her reader to consider where the story will end. Her purpose in writing this serious satire is to warn women of what the female gender stands to lose if the feminist movement were to fail. Atwood envisions a society of extreme changes inâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In the previous world this would refer to God and His omnipresence as he watches over his people. However, now the name symbolizes the eyes of a totalitarian government watching to see that no one breaks the rules. This especially applies to the women of the society. nbsp; In Gilead the social relationship that once existed between men and women is a thing of the past. In the former society women had value and felt good about themselves and how they looked. However, in the new society the men have stripped the women of their freedom and equality and lowered them to varying degrees of status. The young healthy women are labeled handmaids and are issued (24) by the government to various high-ranking officials in order to offer them the opportunity to create offspring. Getting pregnant is their only hope of survival. Females who are not of childbearing age are called Marthas because their purpose is to work and serve the men. A third category of women is labeled Unwomen because of their worthlessness in this male dominated society. All three categories are divided into colonies to prevent their rebelling against the system. Also, within each colony communication is limited and higher education is denied. In order to enforce this kind of oppressive social structure, the government uses various forms of intimidation. nbsp; ToShow MoreRelatedThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1249 Words à |à 5 PagesDystopian Research Essay: The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale by Margaret Atwood In the words of Erika Gottlieb With control of the past comes domination of the future. A dystopia reflects and discusses major tendencies in contemporary society. The Handmaid s Tale is a dystopian novel written by Margaret Atwood in 1985. The novel follows its protagonist Offred as she lives in a society focused on physical and spiritual oppression of the female identity. Within The Handmaid s Tale it is evident that through theRead MoreTotalitarianism, Violence, and the Color Red in the Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale1863 Words à |à 8 PagesTotalitarianism, Violence, and the Color Red in The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale In literature, the color red symbolizes many things, each with its own emotional impact. Red can be associated with violence and bloodshed, or it can be associated with love and intense emotions. In The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale, Offred, chosen to be a ââ¬Å"baby-makerâ⬠for a couple she was assigned to, desires to escape the dystopian society that she lives in. Thus, Margaret creates a fictional government that uses totalitarianism, violenceRead MoreAnalyse and Compare the Significance and Effectiveness of the Ways the Author of the Novels Choose to Open and End their Narratives1934 Words à |à 8 PagesGo ends in uncertainty as Kathy drives away still looking for Hailsham yet for the reader there is no uncertainty; we know Kathy will die and it is the inevitability of this that leaves readers dissatisfied. The disordered opening of the Handmaids Tale, however, emphasises the confusion and fear which characterises a totalitarian state. The uncertainty of the narrative c reates a morbid curiosity within the reader that over the course of the novel is never really satisfied. Atwoodââ¬â¢s presentation ofRead MoreThe Importance of Memory in Margaret Atwoods Handmaids Tale.2058 Words à |à 9 PagesFor this essay I aim to show the importance of memory and of remembering the past in The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale by Margaret Atwood. The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale is a ââ¬Ëspeculative fictionââ¬â¢ first published in 1985 but set in the early 2000s. The novel was in response to changes in US politics with the emergence of Christian fundamentalism, the New Right. Atwood believed that society was going wrong and wrote this savage satire, similar to Jonathan Swiftââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËA Modest Proposalââ¬â¢, depicting a dystopia which she uses asRead MoreThe Importance of Memory in Margaret Atwoods Handmaids Tale.2065 Words à |à 9 PagesFor this essay I aim to show the importance of memory and of remembering the past in The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale by Margar et Atwood. The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale is a ââ¬Ëspeculative fictionââ¬â¢ first published in 1985 but set in the early 2000s. The novel was in response to changes in US politics with the emergence of Christian fundamentalism, the New Right. Atwood believed that society was going wrong and wrote this savage satire, similar to Jonathan Swiftââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËA Modest Proposalââ¬â¢, depicting a dystopia which she uses asRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words à |à 121 Pagesoffprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources. à ©1998-2002; à ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale a nd Designà ® and Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-45881430990421361002020-05-05T20:40:00.001-07:002020-05-05T20:40:16.484-07:00Quadcopter free essay sample The Quad Copter presented in this project, is a type of quad rotor helicopter or quadrocopter that is lifted and propelled by four rotors. Early designs in the 1920s and 1930s suffered from poor performance and lack of stability due to limited controls and system integrations. Today with advanced electronics, accurate sensors and control system technology these limitations are becoming more a thing of the past, technology today has allowed these systems to grow more and more appealing due to increased stability and payload capacities. To overcome these obstacles, complex integration of various sensors would have to be incorporated to allow this configuration of flight to be successful, the quad copter. The overall goals of this project are the following: 1. Achieve Autonomous Take off and Landing. 2. Streamline Mechanical Construction/ Weight. 1 3. Attain a workable design that can be improved over time. The points presented above will be discussed thoroughly within this paper. 1. 2 History [1] The concept of a quad-rotor aircraft has existed since early in the 20th entury. Throughout the 20th century not many unique rotor-craft designs have been developed. The earliest workable designs for a quad-rotor were developed by George DeBothezat and Etienne Oemichen. The Oemichenââ¬Ës quad-rotor design is the earliest mention of a complete four-rotor hovering vehicle in past history. Oemichenââ¬Ës first design in 1920 failed in the initial attempt to become airborne, thereby requiring Oemichen to add additional lifting power and stability of a heliumfilled balloon. After a number of recalculations and redesigns, Oemichen was able to come up with a design that actually was capable of lift off and even established world helicopter flight records of the time, remaining airborne for up to 14 minutes at a time by 1923. Figure 1. 1 DeBothezats Quad-Rotor Design, 1922. The DeBothezatââ¬Ës design was created for a 1921 contract with the United States Air Corps as seen in Figure 1. 1. After working on his design for over 2 years, he was able to develop a fairly capable helicopter, which was able to take on a payload of up to 3 people in addition to the pilot. His design was deemed underpowered, unresponsive and susceptible to reliability issues. In 2 addition, instead of the calculated 100 meters cruising altitude, his craft was only capable of reaching a height of roughly 5meters. The early designs were propelled by additional rotors located somewhere on the rear or the front of the craft, perpendicular to the main rotors. Thus, they are not true quad-rotor designs. It was not until the mid-1950s that a true quad-rotor helicopter flew, which was designed by Marc Adam Kaplan. The prototype first flew in 1956, and did so with great success. The 2200 pounds craft was able to hover and maneuver using its two 90 horsepower motors, each capable of driving all four rotors in backup mode. Control in this case did not call for additional rotors on the sides of the craft, but was obtained by varying the thrust between rotors. This also was the first quad-rotor design that was able to fly successfully forward. Despite these early proofs-of-concepts, people saw little practical use for quad-rotors. They simply were not competitive with the performance specifications (speed, payload, range, etc. ) of more conventional aircrafts. No production contracts were awarded and interest in quad-rotors diminished. 3 1. 3 Prospective Applications [1] [6] Quad Copter designs are constantly progressing as the years go on. It wasnt too long ago that designs were limited and constrained, those days are history. The number of projects being undertaken regarding the topic has considerably increased, most of which are for commercial payload, human transport and military use. Currently Bell Helicopter Textron and Boeing Integrated Defense Systems are doing joint research and development of the Bell Boeing Quad Tilt Rotor, as depicted in Figure 1. 2. The initial design consists of four 50-foot rotors powered by V-22 engines. The main role of the Bell Boeing Quad Tilt Rotor will be that of a cargo helicopter with the ability to deliver pallets of supplies or also deploy paratroopers. The first wind tunnel tests were completed in 2006 and the first prototype is expected to be built in 2012,with great anticipation. Figure 1. 2 Bell Boeing Quad Tilt Rotor. 4 Chapter 2. Quad Copter Dynamics and Theory 2. 1 Concepts of Quad Copter Flight [3] [4] [5] Copters are one of the most complex flying machines due to versatility and maneuverability to perform a number of tasks. Classical helicopters are usually equipped with a main rotor and a tail rotor. However the UAV (Unmanned Air Vehicle) presented in this paper is known as a quad copter. Quad rotors are symmetrical vehicles with four equally sized rotors at the end of four equal length rods. By making use of multiple rotors it allows for greater thrust and maneuverability. Each of the rotors on the quad-rotor helicopter produces both thrust and torque. Given that the front and rear motors both rotate counter-clockwise and the other two rotate clockwise , resulting in a net orque of zero due to the rotational axis. Lastly, the quad rotors symmetrical design allows for easier control of the overall stability of the aircraft. Figure 2. 1 Quad Copter Torque Pattern and Movement Generality. 5 The principle for maintaining an equal rate of change for the two opposing rotors is how the translation of the craft is determined, as shown in Figure 2. 1. Due to either a pitch or a roll, the lift force is displace d in the x and y axes, resulting in a horizontal force component that will direct the craft. The altitude of the quad-rotor is altered by changing the rate of all rotors by the same amount. The UAV representation is obtained by representing the quad copter as a solid body evolving in 3D to one force with three moments (Figure 2. 2). The general coordinates of this craft are: q=(x, y, z, , ) [2. 1] Where ( x, y, z) denotes the position of the center of the mass of the craft in relation to the frame base and ( , ) denotes the three angles yaw, pitch and roll (Euler angles) and represent the orientation of the copter. Figure 2. 2 Quad Copter General Inertial Frame Coordinates. 6 2. Dynamics of a Quad Rotor The kinematic relations relate the movements and rotations in the earth-fixed inertial reference to the body-fixed reference frame. The derivatives with respect to time of the angles ( , [ in which N( , ]T = N ( , , ) , ) can be expressed in the form: [2. 2] = [p q r]T are the angular velocities with respect to the body reference frame and , ) is the 33 matrix given by: N( , , )= [2. 3] This matrix depends only on ( , singularity hold. , ) and is invertible if the boundaries on ( , , ) for non Similarly, the derivative with respect to time of the position (x, y, z) is given by: [ ]T = V0 [2. ] where V0 = [u0 v0 w0]T is the absolute velocity of the quad rotor with respect to an earth-fixed inertial reference frame. Let V = [u v w]T be the absolute velocity of the quad rotor expressed in a body-fixed reference frame. V and V0 are related by: V0 = R( , , )V [2. 5] 7 where R( , R( , , )= , ) is the rotation matrix given by: [2. 6] After the rotation matrix has been applied, the translational equations of motion with respect to an inertial frame are given by: m( ) = m( )= ) [2. 7] m( ) = Following the Euler-Lagrange equations, the rotational dynamics include torques and Coriolis terms. The coriolis term, C( , ) , defines the gyroscopic effects on the system when the craft yaws. represents the vector of torques applied to the system. = ( C( , ) ( T ) [2. 8] + C( , ) = = J + C( , ) It follows that =[ , , ]T= [2. 9] Combined with [2. 7] the translational and rotational dynamics can be summarized as = = = [2. 10] 8 Where x and y are the coordinates in the horizontal plane, and z is the vertical position and are the yaw, pitch and roll angles respectively. 2. 3 Assumptions It is not possible to create a model that conforms to reality completely. Some assumptions need to be made, in this model the following is assumed: â⬠¢ The quad rotor structure is rigid and its deformation characteristics will be disregarded. â⬠¢ The quad rotor structure is symmetrical and material inconsistencies will be disregarded. â⬠¢ The propellers are rigid and deflections will be ignored. â⬠¢ The cross products of the inertia matrix can be neglected. â⬠¢ The ground effect is neglected. 9 Chapter 3. Control Theory 3. 1 Closed-Loop Control Systems In closed-loop control systems the difference between the actual output and the desired output is fed back to the controller to meet desired system output. Often this difference, known as the error signal is amplified and fed into the controller. The general structure of a closed-loop feedback control system is seen in Figure 3. 1. A few examples of feedback control systems are elevators, thermostats, and cruise control in automobiles. Figure 3. 1 Typical Closed Loop Control. 10 3. 2 Classical Control using PID Method [2] [15] The PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) control is one of the earlier control methods implemented. Early on its execution was in pneumatic devices in the 1940s, followed by vacuum and solid state analog electronics, before arriving at todayââ¬â¢s digital use of microprocessors. It offered a simple control structure that was understood by operators and was relatively easy to work with. The quad rotor will use a PID system, which will be tuned to determine the optimum response and settling time, illustrated in Figure 3. 2. The PID controller equation is a closed-loop feedback system which will output a control signal u and receive feedback from the sensors. The controller will calculate the difference between the desired position and current position, adjusting u accordingly. The equation for a PID controller is as follows: = + + [3. 1] e(t) = ed(t) ea(t) Where ed denotes the desired condition, ea the actual condition, and e(t) denotes the actual difference, error, the two at each individual time step. A PID controller has proportional, integral and derivative terms that can be represented in transfer function form as K(s) = Kp + + Kds [3. 2] Where Kp represents the proportional gain, Ki represents the integral gain, and Kd represents the derivative gain, respectively. By tuning these PID controller gains, the controller can provide control actions designed for specific process requirements. The integral term Ki is proportional to both, magnitude of the error and the duration of the error. It (when added to the proportional term) accelerates the movement of the process towards the set 11 point and often eliminates the remaining steady-state error that may occur with a proportional only controller. The rate of change of the process error is calculated by determining the differential slope of the error over time (i. e. , its first derivative with respect to time). This rate of change in the error is multiplied by the derivative gain Kd. Figure 3. 2 Typical PID Control Logic. Feed-forward control plus feedback control can considerably improve performance over a simple feedback control done whenever there is a major disturbance affecting the system. In idyllic situations, feed-forward control can entirely neutralize the effect of the measured disturbance. Feed-forward control is used along with feedback control as necessary to track set point changes and to curb unmeasured disturbances that are always present in any real process. For this project, feed-forward control accounts for the behavioral dynamics of the quad copter, such as its momentum and motor response time. The integral term determines the magnitude of the accumulated error by summing the instantaneous error over time. The integral control equation is: I= Ki [3. 3] Note that t is replaced with , which denotes the past time. 12 The derivative term accounts for the rate at which the error is varying. In addition, by decreasing the rate of change close to the set point reduces overshoot and increases settling time. D = Kd P = Kp e(t) [3. 4] [3. 5] 3. Control Tuning [16] For tuning of the PID controllers, several tuning algorithms have been developed, such as Ziegler-Nichols and Lambda tuning. The Zeigler-Nichols tuning method is a heuristic method of tuning a PID controller. It was developed by John G. Zeigler and Nathaniel B. Nichols. This tuning process is the response of a plant to unit-step input. If the response results in an S-shaped curve, both time constant and delay time are determined by a differential slope line at the inflection point of the curve. When iterative tuning is used, the following algorithm can be used to et the desired overall response: 1. Investigate the step response. 2. Add gain KP to reduce the rise time tr if necessary. 3. Add gain KD to improve the maximum overshoot Mp if necessary. 4. Add gain KI to eliminate steady state error ess if necessary. 5. Adjust gains till desired overall response is obtained. 13 The transfer function of this method equals: = [3. 6] The values of Kp, Ti, and Td are determined by the factors in Table 3. 1. This method demonstrates improvement in contrast to traditional manual tuning, but still is difficult to set exact values to critical gain. Table 3. Values Set by Zeigler-Nichol Tuning Method. Type of Controller P PI PID Kp T/L 0. 9 T/L 1. 2 T/L Ti ? L/0. 3 2L Td 0 0 0. 5 L 3. 31 Vertical Position Control When operating above the ground effect, the control output U1 is approximately proportional to the vertical acceleration in the body reference frame. To remain at constant height, a large value of U1 is required to counteract gravity, additionally a PID controller is added to stabilize the motion in the z direction (Figure 3. 3). The control law can be described by: r1 = U1 = zp (z zd) KZI ) [3. 7] Figure 3. 3 Vertical Position Controller [1]. 14 3. 2 Horizontal Position Control The horizontal position (x, y) of the quad rotor is controlled by adjusting the roll and pitch. The total thrust produces a lift acceleration approximately equal to the gravity (g) in a direction normal to the plane of the rotors (Figure 3. 4). A small angle of roll acceleration ? g. results therefore in a lateral The commands in x and y direction are described by: Ux = Uy = P( d) KxI KyI ) ) [3. 8] yP (y yd) Corrected for the yaw angle they give the commands for the desired roll and pitch angle: d= d= Ux + Ux + Uy Uy [3. 9] Figure 3. 4 Horizontal Position Controller [1]. 3. 3 Roll and Pitch Position Control Because the quad rotors layout is symmetrical the roll and pitch control can be assumed independent for small attitude angles (Figure 3. 5). Relative to the yaw control a higher bandwidth is required, since the value has a direct relationship to the lateral acceleration in x and y direction. U2 = P( d) ) 15 U3 = P( d) ) [3. 10] Figure 3. 5 Roll Position Controller [1]. 3. 34 Yaw Position Control The yaw is the least critical of the controls since it has no direct effect on the quad rotors motion. It can be independently tested and tuned, while having manual control in the remaining channels (Figure 3. ). The PID control law for yaw is described by the following equation: U4 = P( d) I ) [3. 11] Figure 3. 6 Yaw Position Controller [1]. 3. 4 Rotor Theory Unlike other helicopters which require complex mechanical rotor mechanisms to control the pitch of the blades, a quad-rotor relies solely on differential torque and thrust, and thus uses fixed-pitch blades. One of the goals of the project is to increase total thrust; increasing thrust is accomplished by increasing the velocity of the air being moved by the rotor, or by increasing the amount of air being moved by the rotors. 3. 12] 16 Where T is the thrust, is the mass airflow, and u9 and u0 are the outgoing and incoming velocities, respectively. From a simple physics perspective, using the kinetic energy equation: [3. 13] Doubling the thrust by double m would lead to double the energy required. Doubling the thrust from doubling differential velocity would require four times the energy. The design of propellers is a complex subject, and as there were already dozens of readily available propellers on the market, it was both cost and time e ffective to select a commercial blade. The propellers are designed for radio control applications, and their airfoils are highly proprietary. The standard measure of propellers is diameter x pitch, where pitch refers to the angle of incidence at ? of the radius. Using this angle, the pitch is converted to inches by how far the propeller would move after one revolution if it were ââ¬Å"screwedâ⬠into a solid substance. 17 Chapter 4. Electrical Control Systems 4. 1 The Microcontroller Arduino ATMega 2560 [8] The microcontroller we decided to utilize in our project was the Arduino Mega 2560, after careful review of several models. Considering that this single part is the heart of the project we selected with special care to characteristics like connectivity, available I/O and broad power integration. The microcontroller offered all the features we needed to develop the quad copter, with the characteristics we desired. It is based on Atmels ATMega 2560 microcontroller. The board comes with 54 digital input/output pins, 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connector, and a power jack. The operating voltage of the microcontroller is 5V, with an input voltage of 7 to 12V. The ATMega 2560 has a flash memory of 256 KB, of which 8 KB are reserved for the boot loader. 8 KB of SRAM, 4 KB of EEPROM, and a clock speed of 16 MHz. The Arduino Mega 2560 can be powered through a USB connection or with an external power supply. Additionally, the Arduino platform was particularly attractive because of its open-source physical computing platform based on a simple i/o board and a development environment that implements the Processing/Wiring and language, seen below in Figure 4. 1. Figure 4. 1 Arduino Mega 2560 Microcontroller Board. 18 The ATMega 2560 comes with an Atmel AVR core which combines a wide instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All 32 registers are directly coupled to the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single execution of the instruction per clock cycle. In order to maximize parallelism, the AVR uses a Harvard architecture ââ¬â with separate memories and buses for program and data. Figure 4. 2 shows the block diagram of the AVR architecture. Figure 4. 2 Arduino Mega 2560 Microcontroller Block Diagram. 19 . 2 Electronic Speed Controllers An electronic speed control or ESC is a circuit with the purpose to control an electric motors speed, its direction and possibly also to act as a dynamic brake in some cases. ESCs are often used on electrically powered brushless motors essentially providing an electronically-generated three phase electric power, with a low voltage source. An ESC interprets control information in a way that var ies the switching rate of a network of field effect transistors (FETs), not as mechanical motion as would be the case of a servo. The quick switching of the transistors is what causes the motor itself to emanate its characteristic highpitched whine, which is especially noticeable at lower speeds. It also allows much smoother and more precise variation of motor speeds in a far more efficient manner than the mechanical type with a resistive coil and moving arm once in common use. The ESC generally accepts a nominal 50 Hz Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) servo input signal whose pulse width varies from 1ms to 2ms. When supplied with a 1ms width pulse at 50 Hz, the ESC responds by turning off the DC motor attached to its output. A 1. 5ms pulse-width input signal results in a 50% duty cycle output signal that drives the motor at approximately 50% speed. When presented with 2. 0ms input signal, the motor runs at full speed due to the 100% duty cycle (on constantly) output. The correct phase varies with the motor rotation, controlled and monitored by the ESC. The orientation of the motor is determined by the back EMF (Electromotive Force). The back EMF is the voltage induced in a motor wire by the magnet spinning past its internal coils. Finally, a PID algorithm in the controller adjusts the PWM to maintain a constant RPM. Reversing the motors direction may also be accomplished by switching any two of the three leads from the ESC to the motor. 20 4. 21 Turnigy Plush 18A ESC Modules [13] [14] The ESC controller chosen for this project was the Turnigy Plush 18A series, shown in Figure 4. 3. Many considerations had to be made in making the appropriate selection. Ideally the ESC controller should be paired to the motor and rotor craft with the following considerations. 1. Temperature and thermal characteristics. 2. Max Current output and Impendence. 3. Needs to be Equipped with a BEC (Battery Eliminator Circuit) to eliminate the need of a second battery. 4. Size and Weight properties. 5. Magnet Rating. The Plush series Turnigy ESCs offered several outstanding performance features that fulfilled our needs, fast sync timing, a generous current rating and a small size to weight footprint (Table 4. 1). Specifications as follows: Table 4. 1 Turnigy Plush18A Specifications. Continuous Current Rating Burst Current Rating BEC Mode BEC LiPo Cells Weight Size 18 Amp 22 Amp Linear 5V/ 2 Amp 2-4 Cells 19 grams 24x45x11mm Additionally, the speed controller has fixed throttle settings so that the stop and full throttle points of all the various modes which can be cut through cleanly. The controller produces audible beeps to assist in navigating through the program modes and troubleshooting logs. 21 Figure 4. 3 Turnigy Plush18A ESC Packs. 4. 3 The Battery Pack Selecting the proper battery for our rotor copter was a challenging task. Nickel Cadmium (NiCd), Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH), and Lithium Polymer (LiPo) were common choices with the advantages and disadvantages of each battery pack. NiCd batteries are reasonably inexpensive, but they have a number of negatives. NiCd batteries need to be fully discharged after each use. If they arenââ¬â¢t, they will not discharge to their full potential (capacity) on following discharge cycles, causing the cell to develop whatââ¬â¢s commonly referred to as a memory. Additionally, the capacity per weight (energy density) of NiCd cells is commonly less than NiMH or LiPo cell types as well. Finally, the Cadmium that is used in the cell is quite destructive to the environment, making disposal of NiCd cells an issue. NiMH cells have many advantages over their NiCd counterparts. NiMH cell manufacturers are able to offer significantly higher capacities in cells approximately the same size and weight of equivalent NiCd cells. NiMH cells have an advantage when it comes to cell memory as well, as they do not develop the same issues as a result of inappropriate discharge care. Lithium Polymer (LiPo) cells are one of the newest and most revolutionary battery cells available. LiPo cells maintain a more consistent voltage over the discharge curve when compared to NiCd or NiMH cells. The higher nominal voltage of a single LiPo cell (3. 7V vs 1. 2V for a typically NiCd or NiMH cell), making it possible to have an equivalent or even higher total 22 nominal voltage in a much smaller package. LiPo cells typically offer very high capacity for their weight, delivering upwards of twice the capacity for ? the weight of comparable NiMH cells. Lastly, a LiPo cell battery needs to be carefully monitored during charging since overcharging and the charging of a physically damaged or discharged cell can be a potential fire hazard and possibly even fatal. LiPo Pros: ? ? Highest power/weight ratio. Very low self-discharge. Less affected by low temperatures than some. LiPo Cons: ? ? ? Intolerant of over-charging. Intolerant of over-discharging. Battery. Significant fire risk. Figure 4. 4 Zippy 4000 mAh 4. 31 Zippy 4000mAh Battery Pack Module [17] Considering our copters weight, current load and predicted discharge rates, the Zippy 4000mAh battery pack seemed to fit the bill (Figu re 4. 4). The Zippy 4000mAh battery pack offered the following characteristics seen in Table 4. 2: Table 4. 2 Zippy 4000 mAh Battery Specifications Table. Capacity Voltage Discharge Weight Dimensions Balance Plug Discharge Plug Max Charge Rate 4000 mAh 3 Cell 11. 1 V 20C Constant 30C Burst 306 grams 146x51x22mm JST-XH Bullet Connector 2C 23 To approximately calculate the run time, the following equation was used: Run Time (Mins) = Battery mAh Rating [4. 1] Considering the average hovering current consumed by the motors is 12Amps per motor. We were able to calculate a min run time of 5 minutes and a max run time of 10 minutes, which was sufficient in our case, since we would be running at reduced speeds for testing with spare batteries. . 4 The Gyroscope Transducer A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of angular momentum. A MEMS gyroscope takes the idea of the Foucault pendulum and uses a vibrating element, known as a MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical System). These typically are packaged similarly to other integrated circuits and provide either analog or digital outputs. In addition, they are inexpensive and have become widely available today. They provide accurate 3 axis positioning of a craft and are highly reliable over the years with no internal moving parts. 4. 1 ITG3200 Gyro Module [11] The Gyro Sensor chosen for this project was the ITG 3200 by Invensense (Figure 4. 5). The ITG3200 featured a three 16-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) for digitizing the gyro outputs, a user-selectable internal low-pass filter bandwidth, and a Fast-Mode I2C (400kHz) interface as shown in the block diagram below (Figure 4. 6). In addition it included a embedded temperature se nsor and a 2% accurate internal oscillator. 24 The ITG-3200 had a wide power supply range of anywhere between 2. 1 and 3. 6V with a low operating current of 6. 5mA. The sensor also featured a interrupt output, and an optional clock input. Figure 4. 5 ITG 3200 Gyro Board. Figure 4. 6 ITG 3200 Gyro Functional Block Diagram. The ITG-3200 detects the rotational rate of the x, y, and z axes for roll, pitch, and yaw respectively. This is achieved through its three independent vibratory MEMS gyroscopes. When 25 the gyros are rotated about any of the sense axes, it causes a deflection that is detected by a capacitive pickoff. 4. 5 The Accelerometer Sensor An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration by measuring weight per unit of mass, a quantity of force, or g-force (although it is not a force). Consequently, by measuring weight, an accelerometer measures the acceleration of the free-fall reference frame (inertial reference frame) relative to itself (the accelerometer). Single- and multi-axis models of accelerometers are available to detect magnitude and direction of the proper acceleration (or g-force), as a vector quantity, and can be used to sense orientation, coordinate acceleration (so long as it produces g-force or a change in g-force), vibration, shock, and falling (a case where the proper acceleration changes, since it tends toward zero). Micro machined accelerometers are increasingly present in modern electronic devices, to detect the position of the device or provide for the game system input. Pairs of accelerometers extended over a region of space can be used to detect differences in the proper accelerations of frames of references associated with those points. 4. 51 BMA180 Accelerometer Module [12] The Accelerometer Sensor chosen for this project was the BMA180 by Bosch (Figure 4. 8). The Bosch BMA180 three-axis, high performance digital accelerometer was chosen because of its superior variable characteristics. The BMA180 provides a digital 14-bit output signal via a 4-wire SPI or I2C interface. The full-scale measurement range can be set to Aà ±1g, 1. 5g, 2g, 3g, 4g, 8g or 16g. 26 The sensor also has two operating modes consisting of low-noise and low-power. The input power supply voltage should be between 1. 62 and 3. 6V for VDD and 1. 2 to 3. 6V for VDDIO. The sensor will typically only consume 650uA in standard mode. Figure 4. 7 BMA180 Accelerometer Block Diagram. As seen in Figure 4. 7 the BMA180 diagram shows: 1. The micromechanical g-sensors elements which measure acceleration in the x,y and z directions. . The front end circuit including pre amplifiers and multipelxers. 3. The 14 bit Analog to digital controller. 4. The Interrupt generator and output interface. Figure 4. 8 BMA180 Accelerometer Board. 27 4. 6 The Barometer Transducer Bosch BMP085 [9] A barometer is a scientific instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure (Figure 4. 9). We chose Boschââ¬â¢s BMP085 Digital Bar ometric Pressure sensor for this project. The ultra-low power and low voltage electronics of the BMP085 are ideal for navigation devices. With a low altitude noise of merely 0. 5m at fast conversion time, the BMP085 offers superior performance for an application such as ours. It comes equipped with I2C capabilities for easy system integration with microcontrollers and offers a measuring range of 300 to 1100 hPa with an absolute accuracy of down to 0. 03 hPa. This sensor supports a voltage supply between 1. 8 and 3. 6VDC. Figure 4. 9 BMP085 Barometer Board. 4. 61 Barometric Pressure in Altimetry Barometric pressure has a measurable relationship with altitude, meaning you can use the BMP085 to deduce how high the quad copter has climbed. At sea level the air pressure is on average 1013hPa. The measuring limits of the BMP085 should allow us to measure pressure at elevations anywhere between -1640 to about 29,000 ft above sea level. 28 Figure 4. 10 BMP085 Barometer and Altitude Relationship. With the measured pressure p and the pressure at sea level p0, the altitude in meters can be calculated with the international barometric formula. p0 is the average pressure at sea level (1013hPa), and p is the pressure that we measured. This relationship is observed in Figure 4. 10. Note that this equation gives you altitude in units of meters. Altitude (meters) = 44330 [4. 2] 4. 7 The Brushless Motors Each of the four rotors comprises of a Brushless DC Motor attached to a propeller. The Brushless motor differs from the conventional Brushed DC Motors in their concept essentially in that the commutation of the input voltage applied to the armatures circuit is done electronically, whereas in the latter, by a mechanical brush. As any rotating mechanical device, it suffers wear during operation, and as a consequence it has a shorter nominal life time than the newer Brushless motors. In spite of the extra complexity in its electronic switching circuit, the brushless design offers several advantages over its counterpart, to name a few: higher torque/weight ratio, less operational noise, longer lifetime, less generation of electromagnetic interference and much more 29 power per volume. Virtually limited only by its inherent heat generation, whose transfer to the outer environment usually occurs by conduction. 4. 71 KDA20-22L Brushless Motors [10] The KDA Brushless motors were chosen for our copter because of their superior specifications (Table 4. ), weight, power output and availability (Figure 4. 11) . Additionally, this motor offered a wide variety of securing provisions which was extra helpful in its mounting and use. Table 4. 3 KDA 20-22L Brushless Motor Specifications. Kv (rpm/v) Weight Max Current Max Voltage Motor Length Motor Diameter Total Length 924 56 grams 17 Amps 11V 32mm 28mm 46mm Figure 4. 11 KDA 20-22L Brushless Motor. 30 Figure 4. 12 Quad Copter H ardware Block Diagram. Figure 4. 13 Quad Copter As Constructed. 31 4. Software Development General Concepts All of the electrical hardware components previously mentioned provide the necessary ground work for the software subsystems to allow the copter to function as desired, as depicted in block diagram Figure 4. 12. The software plays one of the most important roles controlling and facilitating the features of the device discussed in this paper. All of the inputs from the various sensors gyroscope, accelerometer and barometric sensor are to be taken and evaluated by the microcontroller to facilitate flight (Figure 4. 13). The goal of this project is to successfully achieve unmanned flight by simply hovering and landing. The quad copter must be able to take off from a stationary position to a hovering state and then land once again using the following organization illustrated in Figure 4. 14. Figure 4. 14 Software Architecture Organization. 4. 81 Operating Modes of Flight The quad copter has three main operating states known as, take off, hover and land. These states together form what is known as VTOL (Vertical Takeoff Landing) with characteristics shown in Figure 4. 5. 32 The Take Off stage involves several procedures, which include motor/ESC initializations, data acquisition of the attached sensors and any human input. If after evaluating this data the quad copter senses that it has not met the necessary criteria it will slowly ramp up the necessary motor thrust until it reaches the desired set point while the microcontroller is verifying the sensor data. When the actual altitude equals the desired position, the quad copter can now go to hovering mode. Hovering is the most challenging component of flying any copter. While in the hovering stage, the copter must take into account many factors that assist the craft in steady flight. Among the most common causes for a quad copter to not perform sufficiently is drifting in the horizontal plane. Movements in all four directions such as forward, back, right, and left, are consequences of drifting, accumulation of small errors in various values leading to uncontrollable oscillations which have to be accounted for. Landing is the final stage of flight, the landing process is the opposite of the take off phase. The system checks for x and y levels; if they are leveled, the altitude is checked. At this point, the acquired value is checked with the ground level. If the acquired values are not at ground level, thrust from all motors are decreased and decelerated until the ground level is reached, only then will the system halt activity. 33 Figure 4. 15 Quad Copter Operating Modes Of Flight. 4. 2 Position Flight Control Position control is currently implemented using a PID controller design which actuates the vehicleââ¬â¢s roll and pitch as control inputs. Tilting the vehicle in any direction causes a component of the thrust vector to point in that direction, so commanding pitch and roll is directly analogous to commanding accelerations in the X-Y plane. However, the current control implementation has little ability to reject 34 disturbances from wind and translational velocity effects. For this scale aircraft, even mild winds can cause large disturbances. A key weakness of this and similar position controllers used is the assumption that the velocity of the free stream and attitude control are decoupled. This is in fact only true for very small velocities. 4. 83 Kalman Filter Design[7] A Kalman filter is used to reduce the error in tracking. The Kalman filter operates by predicting the next value from the current value and the previous value. This is then corrected once the next measurement is taken to be between the measurement and the predicted value. This reduces the influence of noise on the measurement of the position. Over time errors in measurements tend to accumulate causing the sensors inefficiencies for long term measurements and thus they tend to drift. The ideal solution to the problem described above would be combining both, gyroscope and accelerometer data values resulting in the offset of the deficiencies of each with the strengths provided by the two sensors. Kalman filtering is an iterative approach that requires two varying input values. At every iteration, the Kalman filter will change the variables in the linear model, so the output of the model will be closer to the second input (Figure 4. 16). For the project, two inputs will consist of the gyroscope and accelerometer data, the model using the gyroscope data looks like: ) [4. 3] Since individual applications are favored and computed, equations for the filter in one dimension are required. Equations [4. 3] are reduced for the latter two dimensions. Where, K is the Kalman gain, P 35 s the estimation error covariance, measurement. is the filtered value, S is the sensor noise, and z is the The process noise p is reduced gradually, when tuning the filter for optimal performance. Concurrently, sensor noise S is increased until a satisfactory speed/noise level is achieved. Figure 4. 16 Kalman Filter Recursive Algorithm. 36 Chapter 5. Structural and Mechanical Approaches 5. 1 The Frame of the Quad Copter Typical quad-rotors utilize a four-spar method, with each spar anch ored to the central hub like the spokes on a wheel. The frame of the quad copter is composed of a combination of materials chosen for their strength, weight and flexibility. When designing an autonomous quad-rotor, there are several material options which must be considered. When designing a machine capable of flight, weight must be greatly well thought-out. The materials considered for our project aluminum, plastic, and carbon fiber. Historically, aluminum historically, has been the material of choice for RC helicopters. Aluminum is light and strong, dissipates heat well, and is relatively inexpensive compared to the other Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-45940434987495536052020-04-15T03:06:00.001-07:002020-04-15T03:06:03.338-07:00Twenty-One Year Old Drinking LawsOld Enough To Serve, Old Enough To B Twenty-One Year Old Drinking Laws:Old Enough To Serve, Old Enough To Be Served The American government states that a person must be at least twenty-one years of age to consume alcoholic beverages. However, it is in fact legal for someone to serve alcohol at age eighteen. The purpose of this paper is to research whether or not it is just for these laws to exist. The prevailing question is how can the government allow people between the ages of eighteen and twenty years old serve alcohol to people twenty-one and over when they are not allowed to consume it themselves? When faced with writing this paper, I pondered many things. Such as: If an eighteen year old is permitted to do just about anything they desire, why are they not permitted to consume alcoholic beverages? Does the twenty-one year old drinking law encourage irresponsible drinking habits? Are there any alternatives to the twenty-one year old drinking law? Is this law prevalent in other countries around the world? And finally, I questioned my own feelings on the topic. When one turns eighteen, he or she is then presented with a plethora of responsibilities. An eighteen year old is allowed to purchase cigarettes, vote for government positions, join the armed forces, handle guns and other ammunition in the military, and make other major adult decisions. It is legal for a person to have sexual intercourse with another adult, which in turn can lead to bringing another life into this world. At eighteen years old, a person can no longer be charged as a minor. They are seen as mature adults in the eyes of the legal system. All of these responsibilities are bestowed upon a person when they turn eighteen. However, they are not allowed to consume alcoholic beverages. The minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of twenty one in the United States is commonly seen as a highly successful public health measure (Hornseth, 428). It does, however encourage excessive drinking and possible alcohol abuse in teenagers. Most teenagers go through a rebellious stage where they want to do everything they possibly can to rebel against authority. Many teens want to go against the norms and laws of society and give into peer pressure. Most underage drinkers obtain, fake id's which is a form of photo id that states they are in fact twenty-one years old. Many bars and connivance stores are aware of the fact that these ids are not legitimate. However, in the hopes of better business, they allow the teenager to purchase alcohol. Several of my friends have already turned twenty-one. They tell me that in some cases, the thrill is gone. When it's perfectly legal to consume alcohol, they are not doing anything wrong, thus taking away the fear of getting caught and the excitement of getting away with it. In Europe, there is no legal drinking age. A friend of mine is baffled by American teenager's fascination of, getting wasted. American teenagers engage in the practice of, binge drinking, whereas they drink for the sole purpose of getting drunk. This activity can lead to alcoholism, aggression, and alcohol poisoning. If parents taught their children how to drink responsibly, this problem would not be as prevalent. If underage drinking were not considered a social more, it would most likely seem less exciting to teenagers. In an article regarding lowering the current minimum legal drinking age, Elizabeth Wheeler stated, Prohibiting the sale of liquor to responsible young adults creates an atmosphere where binge drinking and alcohol abuse have become a problem (Wheelan, 14). She educates her daughter in the dangers of alcohol and how important it is to drink responsibly. She stresses the risk her daughter takes every time she drinks. There are date-rape drugs out on the market now that are easily slipped into a drink. These drugs are colorless, odorless, and tasteless, they make a person feel as if they are drunk, however, the next morning that person cannot recollect anything that happen the evening before. By her daughter knowing that she supports her, it makes her daughter less likely to engage in excessive alcohol consumption. The chancellor of the University of Colorado at boulder noticed that trying to cease underage drinking had Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-47043278275803454832020-03-12T10:47:00.001-07:002020-03-12T10:47:03.992-07:00Medical Law EssaysMedical Law Essays Medical Law Paper Medical Law Paper In case a woman is extremely mentally retarded, English courts have allowed non-consensual sterilizations. However, the courts have balanced their stand points by recognizing the right of a woman to have a child as a basic right. In cases where the non-consensual sterilizations have assumed the role of a therapy, the courts have allowed non-consensual sterilizations. Still, through caution and watchfulness the justices have prevented non-consensual sterilizations from becoming coercive and successfully limited the involuntary sterilizations. To an extent, the application of the English law has depended on the application the courts with respect to non-consensual sterilisation. The application of non-consensual sterilization is used in case of mentally handicapped females. The courts have disallowed non-consensual sterilization of a mentally handicapped female in cases where she is likely to have the legal capacity to marry (Re D [1976] 1 All ER 326). Courts have allowed non-consensual sterilizations only in those cases where it has been accepted that the female will not legally be able to enter into marriage (Jackson. J, 2006),. Similarly, in case the court can use its ââ¬Å"parens patriaeâ⬠powers and authorize the non-consensual sterilisation of a mentally handicapped young woman. This was done in L v. Lââ¬â¢s Curator and Litem (1997 SLT 167). The extent to which the legal framework has been able to stop non-coercive sterilization depends on the decisions that have been taken by the English courts. In general there has been a number of cases in courts that have come up relating to learning disabilities where the need for non-consensual sterilisation have been debated in the court. In these cases the purpose of sterilization has been for contraception. The court has granted permission for sterilizations in some cases. (C. f. T v. T and another [1988] 1 All ER 613; In re B( A Minor)(Wardship: Sterilization) [1990] 2 AC 1 (HL)). What the court sees is the severity of the handicap and then decides. The moot point is that if there is a treatment of a mentally incapacitated woman, if the court feels that it is in the best interest of the woman to be sterilized then the courts have given their consent. Are these sterilizations coercive? This can only be ascertained by examining the assumptions made by the court regarding the interests in parenting or about the sexuality of the ââ¬Ëmentally incapacitated personsââ¬â¢ If these assumptions are not backed by adequate evidence then we would need to re-examine the decisions of the court (Chinkin. C, 2006),. If these suppositions are backed by solid validation then we could conclude that non-consensual sterilizations were warranted and these sterilizations were not coercive. It is important the non-consensual sterilization should be coercive and strictly limit involuntary non-consensual sterilizations because otherwise these will be viewed as a image of state oppression. In addition, this creates an impression that the state is somehow involved in the eugenics and the body politic exercises power over the choice of individuals (The Law Reform Commission 2005). The question that is related to non-consensual sterilizations is whether there is still any factor related to eugenics when the courts sanction non-consensual sterilizations for the mentally challenged. The very small number of instances when the court has permitted non-consensual sterilizations refutes this claim. In the UK there are a number of situations in which non-consensual sterilizations have been disallowed. For example in Re B. (a Minor) (Wardship: Sterilisation) (1987), [1988] 1 A. C. 199, [1987] 2 All E. R. 206 (H. L. ) [Re B. (H. L. ) cited to A. C. ] the Lordships ruled out that social or eugenic reasons can be used for non-consensual sterilizations. However, the judges allowed wardship jurisdiction to justify non-consensual sterilizations as it involved a seventeen-year old woman who had substantial mental difficulties. In this case her overseers felt that pregnancy at this point would lead to severe difficulties and other forms of contraception were ruled out. In such extreme cases non-consensual sterilizations are allowed by the law (Cook. R, Dickens. B Fathalla. M 2003). It seems that the law has been successful in avoiding coercive sterilizations and to limit involuntary non-consensual sterilizations. During judgements it has been established that non-consensual sterilizations could be lawful only if it was in the best interests of the woman to become permanently sterilized (Mason, J. K. and McCall Smith, R. A. , 1994). In case of minor women the law gives wardship jurisdiction to the court, so that it can act in the best interests of the ward [1990] 2 A. C. 1 (H. L. ) [Re F. ]. In the application of the law it has been observed that the courts have been able to limit involuntary non-consensual sterilizations and have acted as mediators between the individuals and society. There are two perspectives. From one standpoint, every individual has the right to protect his body from imposition, on the other hand pregnancy and birth can affect the body of the individual and that may be against the interests of the person or the society. Originally the laws that were framed for non-consensual sterilizations had been written for protecting the interests of the society; however, the current use of these laws has been mainly to protect the interests of the individual. In other words, the law has been successful in avoiding coercive sterilizations because the law has allowed non-consensual sterilizations mainly to ensure bodily integrity of the woman. The one area where the UK courts have given permission for non-consensual sterilizations is where the mental condition of the woman is very grave. Now if the body should not be intruded, why should the courts allow non-consensual sterilizations? The explanation is that the womanââ¬â¢s body need medical treatment. The sterilization is characterized as a saving the woman. The woman cannot claim protection against intrusion if the intrusion into her body has been perceived as benevolent. The principles of dignity and freedom do not provide this protection. The ailment lies in the body of the woman whose reproductive ability is not under control. Once this characterization by the law is in place, then eliminating the threat of pregnancy is a liberating and empowering. However, the law has held that parents or guardians cannot give consent to surgical procedures for contraception on a mentally retarded person. In other words the therapeutic validity of the surgery should be established in court. The general principle that has been followed in UK courts is that physical integrity has been given greater importance than ââ¬Ëright to be protected against pregnancyââ¬â¢. This has helped avoid coercive sterilizations and limit involuntary sterilizations. What has helped the law avoid coercive sterilizations and limit involuntary sterilizations is the recognition of the fact that non-consensual sterilizations is an irreversible operation and takes away the fundamental human right of the woman to reproduce. The court should not take away this basic human right. However, the right to develop a family is dependent upon the courtââ¬â¢s evaluation of the individualââ¬â¢s ability to appreciate that right. In this manner the court reserves the right to decide if the individual can comprehend the right to start a family. It is to be understood that the courts in UK have not asserted that non-consensual sterilizations are lawful. On the other hand the bodily integrity of the individual and freedom of the woman is perceived to have been enhanced by the sterilizations. The circumspection of the court prevents coercive sterilizations and limits involuntary sterilizations. The basic premises on which the English law was framed related to the belief that relating sterilizing women who were mentally disabled was advisable because they were inept at parenting and that the lives of the mentally disabled would be enhanced if they did not have parenting responsibilities. To sum, the English law has been able to avoid coercive sterilizations and strictly limit involuntary but non-coercive sterilizations. Where the woman has been found capable of marrying, the courts have not allowed non-consensual sterilizations. In addition, the courts have recognized the importance of inviolability of the womanââ¬â¢s body, her freedom and her right to found a family. This balanced perspective of the courts has ensured that coercive sterilizations are avoided and involuntary non-consensual sterilizations are limited to the minimum. References: Chinkin. C, (2006), Health and Human Rights, Retrieved on February 22, 2007 from: nuffieldtrust. org. uk/uploadedFiles/Grants/Chinkin_52-59. pdf. Cook. R, Dickens. B Fathalla. M (2003), Reproductive Health and Human Rights: Integrating Medicine, ethics, and Law, Oxford University Press. Jackson. J, (2006), Ethics in Medicine, Blackwell Publishing Mason, J. K. and McCall Smith, R. A. , (1994) Law and Medical Ethics, (4th Ed), London, Butterworths, . The Law Reform Commission (2005) Consultation Paper on Vulnerable Adults an the Law: Capacity, Retrieved on February 22, 2007 from: lawreform. ie/files/Consultation%20Paper%20on%20Capacity%20_final%20version_. pdf Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-42292209797315955992020-02-25T01:14:00.001-08:002020-02-25T01:14:03.730-08:00Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1Narrative - Essay Example I was all geared up after my I finished my midyear exams and I thought to myself that it was time to kick back as well relax after all the sleepless nights spend studying. I could not help but go to the Chalet, this was the first thing on my mind and I knew the opportunity had come for me to have a well-deserved holiday. The thought of the Chalet made me excited and my cheeks flushed with happiness which I could not hide from anyone. The thought of having a holiday was God sent and I could not believe it. I finished packing and called up my friends in order to move into the Chalet. The journey to the Chalet was smooth and we drove as we sung and bonded. I could not believe that I had finished my exams and I was getting the much deserved holiday that in needed. However, upon reaching the Chalet we realized that there was a need to get some foodstuffs in the nearest supermarket. Being the smallest one I was told to follow my Cousinââ¬â¢s car and I followed the car with my ATV slowly. The night was dark and chilly and consequently the visibility was low. It was well known that my Cousin was a good driver, however, things started going haywire when he started showing off. The road was not as smooth and consequently as a result of his drifting, several stones were thrown towards our car and I had to swerve in order to avoid them. However, out of nowhere my cousinââ¬â¢s car flipped and rolled several times. I gasped out of breath and I could not believe what was unfolding before my eyes. Bodies were being thrown outside the window in weird and contorted ways. I was rooted to the spot and could not be able to move, I looked at the horrific accident with my mouth agape. The smile that was there initially was wiped out clean and what was existed was a face that showed sadness and despair. Seeing people that I cared about very much coughing blood and desperately crying for help on the sand and on the pavements made me crouch with fear. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-31142667527471014652020-02-08T17:59:00.001-08:002020-02-08T17:59:02.589-08:00Education management Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 35000 wordsEducation management - Thesis Example This mobility is something special as it is confined to a single country. It has some similarities with international mobility because Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region administered under separate set of different from the mainland China. Administrative and education pattern in Hong Kong differs much from that obtaining in mainland China, and also with other parts of the world. Education in Hong Kong is the stepping stone for further education at the international levels also. The segment of education in Hong Kong is affected with student flow from mainland China and also from international quarters, with globalization and neo-liberalism. Discussion is also made in this article about the forces that have impacted and continue to impact the education system in Hong Kong. What are the characteristics that attract the students to pursue their studies in Hong Kong and encourage parents from mainland China to get their children admitted to schools in Hong Kong right from the ki ndergarten levels? Want are their special problems and how the administration is grappling to control the situation? The paper concludes by indicating the significance of management of education of students of mainland China and Hong Kong. Two diametrically opposed political philosophies are working with a purpose to hammer out a common educational policy but it is futile to expect that Hong Kong will give up the upper hand in the field of education. The authorities at mainland China will not mind it, because Hong Kong is an integral part of the Peopleââ¬â¢s Republic of China. Hong Kong has been a Special Administrative Regions (SAR)of the Peopleââ¬â¢s Republic of China (PRC) since their sovereign reversion to PRC from the United Kingdom within the structure of ââ¬Å"one country, two systemsâ⬠in 1997. On the education administration of any country the political system has the direct bearing. At the official ideological level, the mainland China Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-69499167286694922512020-01-29T23:20:00.001-08:002020-01-29T23:20:04.370-08:00Descartes & Hume Essay Example for Free Descartes Hume Essay Rene Descartes was a rationalist, meaning he thought that reason alone, not sensation or experience, was the source to attaining knowledge about the eternal truths of the universe, such as mathematics, epistemology, metaphysics and the existence of God. He excluded physics from this list, admitting that knowledge of physics only comes through experience (Descartes). Regardless, his rationalistic epistemology made it so that Descartes could only accept the truth about something if it was based upon a principle that was clearly and distinctly certain. Innate, a priori knowledge is fundamental to Descartes philosophy. A priori refers to any knowledge that is attained without appealing to sensation (Oââ¬â¢Connor, Class Notes). Being a rationalist, he completely doubted every sensory experience he had ever had. Sensation is ever-changing and sometimes misleads or deceives us, so according to Descartes, trusting in an experience of sensation to provide us with any kind of universal truth would be foolish (Descartes). Whereas rationalism directly focuses on reason as being the only way to attain knowledge about the world, empiricism concentrates fully on all knowledge being a posteriori, or attained through experience and sensation. In an obvious way, David Humeââ¬â¢s empiricist epistemology directly contrasted Descartes rationalism, specifically by how he believed humans can attain knowledge. According to Hume, humans understand the world by experiencing different perceptions: impressions/sensations and ideas/thoughts. The amount of force and vivacity of the perception allows humans to differentiate between the two. Impressions and sensations are more forceful and lively since they are a product of direct experience. Ideas and thoughts are simply weak recreations of the original impressions that were perceived. While Descartes believes that certain ideas are innate, such as the existence of God, Hume absolutely denies the possibility of innate ideas. He claims that humans could never fully know or comprehend anything beyond our impressions. If an impression is not perceived, then it cannot be acknowledged. Since our knowledge is limited to the impressions we perceive, we have no real way of comprehending causality, instead it is often confused with correlation. Cause and effect events tend to occur in close temporal order, but that does not mean we can know whether those events are intrinsically related or not. Instead, we can only place our faith in the customs and habits of human life. Oppositely, Descartes believed we gain knowledge a priori, and we can only know that which we have clear and distinct justification for. In order to justify what we know, we cannot appeal to anything except for reason. Lastly, we must judge those justified ideas by applying Descartesââ¬â¢ specific and logical method of reflection. Thusly, by accepting Descartesââ¬â¢ method, the universal and eternal truths of the world can be known. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-55705333686173754572020-01-21T19:42:00.001-08:002020-01-21T19:42:02.640-08:00The Negative Portrayal of Mothers in Disney Films :: MoviesThe Negative Portrayal of Mothers in Disney Films Why is it that in Disney created films, the motherly figures and role models are completely diminished whereas the fatherly roles are extravagant? Why does mainly a woman play the role of the vilan? If you notice, you will find that in just about every classic Disney film, the mother is portrayed in a horrible and questionable fashion. But, there is always a fatherly or male figure that everyone boasts about. First, let us start with the films where the main character fails to have a mother mentioned or seen at all: The classic movie of Aladdin; neither Aladdin nor Princess Jasmine had a motherly figure. But, Aladdin did have the Genie, who was male, and Jasmine had her father, who was also male. Beauty and the Beast is another Disney film where there is a male figure and yet again, the loss of a female role model. Belle is raised by only her father, and there is no word about where her mother is or what happened to her. Another favorite of the Disney Classic films is that of The Little Mermaid. In this film, Ariel is raised by her extremely dominant father, and all of her friends are male. So, whatever did happen to her mother, and did she ever know her? Pinnocchio is another great film, yet he gains a new father but never a new mother. He is raised by Gepeto, the craftsman, and is then adopted by Gepeto. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-82450761021847338812020-01-13T16:06:00.001-08:002020-01-13T16:06:03.475-08:00Do Androids Dream of Electric SheepIs a science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick first published in 1968. The main plot follows Rick Deckard, a bounty hunter of androids, while the secondary plot follows John Isidore, a man of sub-normal intelligence who befriends some of the androids. The novel is set in a post-apocalyptic near future, where the Earth and its populations have been damaged greatly by Nuclear War during World War Terminus. Most types of animals are endangered or extinct due to extreme radiation poisoning from the war. To own an animal is a sign of status, but what is emphasized more is the empathic emotions humans experience towards an animal. Deckard is faced with ââ¬Å"retiringâ⬠six escaped Nexus-6 model androids, the latest and most advanced model. Because of this task, the novel explores the issue of what it is to be human. Unlike humans, the androids possess no empathic sense. In essence, Deckard probes the existence of defining qualities that separate humans from androids. The book's plot served as the primary basis for the 1982 film Blade Runner. Setting Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? takes place in 1992 (2021 in later editions), years after the radioactive fallout of World War Terminus destroyed most of Earth. The U. N. ncourages emigration to off-world colonies, in hope of preserving the human race from the terminal effects of the fallout. One emigration incentive is giving each emigrant an ââ¬Å"andyâ⬠ââ¬â a servant android. The remaining populace live in cluttered, decaying cities wherein radiation poisoning sickens them and damages their genes. Animals are rare and people are expected to keep them and help preserve them. But many people turn towards the much cheaper synthetic, or electric, animals to keep up the pretense. Rick Deckard owned a sheep, but it died of tetanus, and he replaced it with a synthetic sheep. The main Earth religion is Mercerism, in which Empathy Boxes link simultaneous users into a collective consciousness based on the suffering of Wilbur Mercer, largely an endless walk up a mountain in which stones are thrown at Mercer, the pain of which the users share. The television appearances of Buster Friendly and his Friendly Friends, broadcast twenty-three hours a day, represent a second religion, designed to undermine Mercerism and allow androids to partake in a kind of consumerist spirituality. It is revealed that neither Mercer nor Friendly are actual humans despite popular belief. edit]Androids Androids are used only in the Martian colonies, yet many escape to Earth, fleeing the psychological isolation and chattel slavery. Although made of biological materials and physically all but indistinguishable from humans, they are considered to be pieces of machinery. Police bounty hunters, such as Rick Deckard, hunt and retire (kill) fugitive androids passing for human. Often, Deckard's police department will collect and analyze the corpses of suspected ââ¬Å"andysâ⬠to confirm that they are, in fact, artificial. Earlier androids were easier to detect because of their limited intelligence. As android technology improved, bounty hunters had to apply an empathy test ââ¬â the Voigt-Kampff ââ¬â to distinguish humans from androids, by measuring empathetic responses, or lack thereof, from questions designed to evoke an emotional response, often including animal subjects and themes. Because androids are not sympathetic, their responses are either absent or feigned, and measurably slower than a human's. The simpler Bonelli Test, used by another police department in San Francisco, measures the reflex-arc velocity in the spinal column's upper ganglia, but is very painful to the subject, as well as the results taking longer to produce. Plot summary The novel follows bounty hunter Rick Deckard through one day of his life, as he tracks down renegade androids who have assumed human identities. The novel begins with Deckard feeling alienated from his wife who, he feels, is misusing her mood organ by choosing inappropriate moods, like depression. Deckard meets Rachel Rosen when travelling to Rosen Industries to test the validity of an empathy test on the new android type: the Nexus 6. Rachael is an attractive female android Deckard initially believes to be human. Rachael believes herself to be human as she has memories implanted from the niece of her manufacturer. She attempts to turn Deckard away from bounty hunting. Deckard becomes confused about humanity, morality and empathy. He is arrested after attempting to retire the second android and taken to what appears to be a fully functional and publicly accessible police stationââ¬âbut it is not a police station Deckard knows about. Deckard escapes with fellow bounty hunter Phil Resch after deducing that the station is staffed by androids. His moral quandary deepens after working briefly with Phil Resch, who Deckard learns is a particularly callous fellow bounty hunter. Deckard's story is interwoven with that of J. R. Isidore, a driver for an animal repair shop who cannot qualify to leave Earth due to his low IQ. Isidore lives alone in a nearly entirely empty apartment building with little outside contact other than his Empathy Box. Pris Stratton, an android identical in appearance to Rachel, moves into the building and the lonely Isidore attempts to befriend her. Pris and her friends get Isidore to help them trap Deckard as he comes to retire them. Once Deckard realizes the size of the challenge ahead, he enlists Rachel to help him, and they proceed to have sex. By Deckard's having sex with her, Rachel hoped to stop him from bounty hunting, but he will not and drops her off. Deckard nevertheless succeeds in killing the androids, causing Isidore to break down from the loss of his only friends, and earning him a citation for the record number of kills in one day. He returns home and his wife reports having seen Rachael Rosen kill his real pet goat. He understands that Rachael was taking revenge and is thankful that the loss is only financial; the android could instead have killed his wife. He travels to an isolated desert to meditate and has an epiphany. He also finds a toad, thought to be extinct and considered to be Mercer's favorite animal. Deckard brings it home, where his wife discovers that the toad is in fact synthetic. Deckard is not glad but ââ¬Å"prefersâ⬠to know the toad is artificial. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-13643659503907310462020-01-05T12:30:00.001-08:002020-01-05T12:30:03.239-08:00COM3705 PORTFOLIO - 5312 Words DECLARATION OF OWN WORK PRODUCED. I, the undersigned, hereby declare that this is my own and personal work, except where the work(s) or publications of other have been acknowledged by means of referencing techniques. I have read and understood the Tutorial Letter CMNALLE/301 regarding technical and presentation requirements, referencing techniques and plagiarism. STUDENT SIGNATURE OR NAME: Leslie Eric Nunu STUDENT NUMBER: 49676288 DATE: 28 / 01 / 2015 WITNESS SIGNATURE OR NAME: Maxine Bianca Nunu TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION (3) 1. WHAT IS AN INFORMATION SOCIETY? (4) 2. WRITE A PARAGRAPH IN WHICH YOU ARGUE OR ADVOCATE FOR OR AGAINST THE EXISTENCE ON AN INFORMATION SOCIETY. (5) 3. FRANKâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The author also adds further that these information intense activities in an information society has also resulted or lead to ââ¬Å"a labour market with a majority of functions largely or completely based on tasks of information processing requiring knowledge and higher educationâ⬠and also a culture whereby it is dominated by the media and the information products including their signs, symbols and meanings. Meanwhile, an information society is described by Servaes and Carpentier (2006: 5) as a society that is still being put in place and is mainly characterized by the general use of low-cost information, data storage and transmission technologies. As the authors note further that the ââ¬Å"generalization of information and data use is being accompanied by organizational, commercial, social and legal innovationsâ⬠, which are the catalysts for change of life in an information society ââ¬Å"in the world of work and in society generally.â⬠Kotze and de Beer (2014:30) state that an information society is a society whereby through the exploitation of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), it is able to live, work and play and ultimately transform itself. Browne (1998: 2), quoted by Kotze Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-9125016119777418082019-12-28T08:55:00.001-08:002019-12-28T08:55:03.274-08:00Lena Horne Singer, Actress, Activist From Brooklyn, New York, Lena Horne was raised by her mother, an actress, and then by her paternal grandmother, Cora Calhoun Horne, who took Lena to the NAACP, the Urban League and the Ethical Culture Society, all centers in that time of activism. Cora Calhoun Horne sent Lena to the Ethical Culture school in New York. à Lena Hornes father, Teddy Horne, was a gambler who left his wife and daughter. Cora Calhoun Hornes roots were in the family Lena Hornes daughter, Gail Lumet Buckley, has chronicled in her book The Black Calhouns. These well-educated bourgeois African Americans were descended from a nephew of secessionist vice president John C. Calhoun. à (Buckley also chronicles the familys history in her 1986 book,à The Hornes.) At age 16 Lena began working at Harlems Cotton Club, first as a dancer, then in the chorus and later as a solo singer. She began singing with orchestras, and, while singing with Charlie Barnets (white) orchestra, she was discovered. From there she began playing clubs in Greenwich Village and then performed at Carnegie Hall. Beginning in 1942 Lena Horne appeared in films, broadening her career to include movies, Broadway and recordings. She was honored with many awards for her lifetime of success. In Hollywood, her contract was with MGM studios. She was included in films as a singer and dancer, and was featured for her beauty. à But her roles were limited by the studios decision to have her parts edited out when the films were shown in the segregated South.à Her stardom was rooted in two 1943 musical films,à Stormy Weatherà andà Cabin in the Sky.à She continued to appear in roles as a singer and dancer through the 1940s. à Lena Hornes signature song, from theà 1943 film of the same name, is Stormy Weather. She sings it twice in the film. The first time, its presented with an earthiness and innocence. à At the end, its a song about loss and despair. During World War II she toured first with the USO; she quickly grew weary of the racism she faced and began touring black camps only. She was a favorite of African American soldiers. Lena Horne was married to Louis J. Jones from 1937 until they divorced in 1944. They had two children, Gail and Edwin. Later she was married to Lennie Hayton from 1947 to his death in 1971, though separated after the early 1960s. à When she first married him, a white Jewish music director, they kept the marriage secret for three years. In the 1950s, her association with Paul Robeson led to her being denounced as a communist. She spent time in Europe where she was received well. à By 1963, she was able to meet with Robert F. Kennedy, at the request of James Baldwin, to discuss racial issues. She was part of the 1963 March on Washington. Lena Horne published her memoirs in 1950 as In Person and in 1965 as Lena. In the 1960s, Lena Horne recorded music, sang in nightclubs, and appeared on television. In the 1970s she continued to sing and appeared in the 1978 filmà The Wiz, an African American version ofà The Wizard of Oz. In the early 1980s, she toured in the United States and London. After the mid-1990s she rarely appeared, and she died in 2010. Filmography 1938 - The Duke Is Tops1940 - Harlem On Parade1941 - Panama Hattie1942 - G.I. Jubilee1943 - Cabin In The Sky1943 - Stormy Weather1943 - The Duke Is Tops1945 - Harlem Hot Shots1944 - Boogie Woogie Dream1944 - Hi-De-Ho Holiday1944 - My New Gown1946 - Jivin The Blues1946 - Mantan Messes Up1946 - Till the Clouds Roll By1950 - Duchess of Idaho1956 - Meet Me in Las Vegas1969 - Death of a Gunfighter1978 - The Wiz!1994 - Thats Entertainment III1994 - An Evening with Lena Horne Fast Factsà Known for:à both being limited by and transcending racial boundaries in the entertainment industry. Stormy Weather was her signature song. Occupation:à singer, actressDates:à June 30, 1917 - May 9, 2010 Also known as: Lena Mary Calhoun Horne Places:à New York, Harlem, United States Honorary degrees:à Howard University, Spelman College Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-69769077391637052132019-12-20T04:43:00.001-08:002019-12-20T04:43:03.448-08:00Pros and Cons of the Exclusionary Rule - 1538 Words ARGUMENTS IN SUPPORT OF THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE Among the arguments in support of the exclusionary rule4 by its proponents are the following: 1. It deters violations of constitutional rights by police and prosecutors. A number of studies and testimonies by police officers support this contention. 2. It manifests societyââ¬â¢s refusal to convict lawbreakers by relying on official lawlessnessââ¬âa clear demonstration of our commitment to the rule of law that states that no person, not even a law enforcement official, is above the law. 3. It results in the freeing of the guilty in a relatively small proportion of cases. A 1978 study by the General Accounting Office found that, of 2,804 cases in which defendants were likely to file a motion toâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Among the proposals are the following: _ An independent review board in the executive branch. This proposal envisions a review board composed of nonpolice personnel to review allegations of violations of constitutional rights by the police. The problem with this alternative is that police oppose it because it singles them out among public officials for differential treatment. Moreover, outsiders are viewed by the police as unlikely to be able to understand the difficulties and dangers inherent in police work. _ A civil tort action against the government. This would mean filing an action seeking damages from the government for acts of its officers. It poses real difficulty for the plaintiff, who would have to shoulder the financial cost of the litigation. Most defendants do not have the resources to finance a civil case, particularly after a criminal trial. Low damages awards against police officers usually discourage the filing of civil tort actions except in egregious cases. _ A hearing separate from the main criminal trial but before the same judge or jury. The purpose of the hearing is to determine if, in fact, the officer behaved illegally in obtaining the evidence used during the trial and, if so, to impose the necessary sanctions on the officer. Although this is the least expensive and most expedient alternative, its effectiveness is questionable. If the violation is slight, theShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of The Exclusionary Rule1017 Words à |à 5 Pagesthe one that we will be d iscussing in this paper is the exclusionary rule. It is the introduction of a good evidence, that it is obtained by a bad law enforcement, is most common in the United State than other countries legal system. To put it in other words, the exclusionary rule is controversial. Therefore, many experts say that it sets criminals free on minor points. In this paper, I will speak about the pros and cons of the exclusionary rule, how it is effecting the criminal justice system of theRead MoreExclusionary Rule Pros and Cons1951 Words à |à 8 PagesThe reason we have rules in life are simple, to keep order when there is chaos and to guide our behavior in a way that is acceptable by societyââ¬â¢s standards. The reason we have laws and procedures to carry out those laws are simple as well, to keep the government from infringing on its citizenââ¬â¢s constitutional rights. If the government was to rid itself of the exclusionary rule, then it has the potential to be infringing on its citiz ens rights. The government could essentially walk into anyone whoRead MoreThe Evolution of the Exclusionary Rule1733 Words à |à 7 Pages The Evolution of the Exclusionary Rule A Historical Analysis And How It Stand Today April Herald Criminal Justice Abstract From historical analysis, this work highlights key cases that have influenced the evolution of the Exclusionary rule and where it stands today. The purpose of this paper is to inform people of the importance of our constitutional rights, especially the fourth amendment when concerning a criminal prosecution. The exclusionary rule is set in place to ensure justiceRead MorePacker s Model Of The Criminal Process3125 Words à |à 13 Pagesenforcement agencies possess should be limited to prevent official oppression of the individual. The constitutional rights of the defendant being tried aren t just measly technicalities and the criminal justice authorities should be held accountable to rules, procedures, and guidelines to ensure equality and regularity in the justice process. The criminal justice process should act as its own checks and balances system, which would consist of a series of impediments that act as procedural safeguards whichRead MoreMinimum Tolerance Policies : Zero Tol erance, Zero Education1879 Words à |à 8 Pagesbecause the quote says that there is a direct correlation of students suspended are often funneled into the criminal system. Some pros of zero tolerance policies are that suspending and expelling bad children is that because bad children break rules it doesnââ¬â¢t matter what rule was broken or why just that there ââ¬Å"should [be] some type of consequenceâ⬠(Morin, The Pros and Cons of Zero Tolerance Policies). Which that would be relevant and would work if the things students did were extremely bad like bringingRead MoreSearch and Seizure Essay2432 Words à |à 10 Pagesa crime has been or is being committed with probable cause a warrantless search may be conducted. Another important part to the fourth amendment is the exclusionary rule. This rule makes it clear that any evidence seized during an illegal search or violation of the fourth amendment not admissible during a criminal trial. The main goal of this rule was to deter police officers from violating suspects constitutional rights. The forth amendment grew from the experience of the colonials dealingRead MoreUse and Application of the Zero Tolerance Policy in American Schools1773 Words à |à 8 Pagesto mandate the application of pre-determined consequences of violation of stated rules. These rules may pertain to a number of issues; drugs, bullying, theft, and corporal punishment. This report will review and explore the various uses of the zero tolerance plan and its applications throughout schools in American society. There will be a study on the effectiveness of zero tolerance, an outline of the pros and cons of its usage, an evaluation of a case scenario as it pertains to the utilizationRead MoreDiversity Management1945 Words à |à 8 Pagesothers to bring up those subjects, even in the form of complaints. The more open and authentic the dialogues that take place, the easier it becomes to promote change. Search for behaviors of exclusion. Whether exhibited by yourself or others, many exclusionary behaviors are unintentionalââ¬âor even wellintentioned, such as assuming a working mother would refuse a weekend travel assignment. Constantly seek out and eliminate such behaviors. Create an environment of advantages. Small, unintentional inequalitiesRead MoreDiversity Management1955 Words à |à 8 Pagesothers to bring up those subjects, even in the form of complaints. The more open and authentic the dialogues that take place, the easier it becomes to promote change. Search for behaviors of exclusion. Whether exhibited by yourself or others, many exclusionary behaviors are unintentionalââ¬âor even wellintentioned, such as assuming a working mother would refuse a weekend travel assignment. Constantly seek out and eliminate such behaviors. Create an environment of advantages. Small, unintentional inequalitiesRead MoreStudy Guide5838 Words à |à 24 Pagesthe Declaration of Independence and the Constitution? John Locke The writings of John Locke, a British philosopher of the Enlightenment period, had a profound influence on the Founding Fathers. What was the colonistsââ¬â¢ primary complaint about the rule of the British Crown? The American colonistsââ¬â¢ primary complaint was that they were subject to heavy taxes from the British Crown. Which of the following was a component of the Coercive Acts? Establishment of martial law, the requirement for the Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-74421806148425822782019-12-12T01:14:00.001-08:002019-12-12T01:14:03.491-08:00El Greco Essay Research Paper free essay sample El Greco Essay, Research Paper El Greco was born 1541 and died 1614 in Toledo at age 73. He wasnamed at birth Domeniko # 8217 ; s TheotoKopoulos. He was Born in Candia, the capitalof the island of Crete, off the seashore of Greece. Nothing is certain is known of the first 20 five old ages of El Greco # 8217 ; s life, except that he lived on Crete and became a painter. It is thought from laterevents in his life that El Greco recieved a sound instruction in letters. He camefrom a household of center or upper categories, which could afford to direct their childrento school. He studied under a maestro named Titian and Tentonetto. He was non selftaught. June 6, 1566 is the first record of El Greco # 8217 ; s being as a painter. Onthis twenty-four hours Maistro Menegos Theotokopoulos signed a sale in a lottery ( sale ) for oneof his images. After this point the following record of El Greco was August 18, 1568 inVenice. We will write a custom essay sample on El Greco Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He had gone to venice to develop his endowment as a painter and learn aboutItalian art. He subsequently left Italy or Spain to gain a better sale on pictures. El Greco had a Venetian learner ship and trained him good in diviningthe personalities of his theoretical accounts and had given him a serious attack to hissubjects. He was non the lunatic nor the inordinate original that people havethought him to be. He was an enthusiastic colorist. He was fond of unusualtones. He sacrificed everything in his hunt for effects. Despite his errors, ElGreco canonly be considered as a great painter. He ha d an unusual style as thework of a genius. After his arrival in Toledo (July 1577) he formed a relationship with awoman named Jeronima de las Cueuns. He lived with her there after and nevermarried. They had a son named Jorge manuel in 1578. Jorge was trained as apainter and architect and became his fatherââ¬â¢s partner beginning around 1500. Little is known about El Greco. He made a good income as a painter butwas a poor manage of his finances. He was often in debt. He lived in a largepalace in Toledo owned by the Marquios of Villena. He did not associate with other artists, but with scholars, poets and priests.He worked on treatises concerning the arts of painting. El Greco was known for his quick wit and intelligence, his pride andarrogance. This even led to arguments with customers about the price of hisworks. He created wonderful masterpieces of painting in a style that deserves tobe called original and unconventional. Some thought his paintings were a non realstic stlye and distorted and thatthe figures in them were gaunt and haggard. Some felt he painted modern art, tothe spaniards he was a cultural hero and painted their own national religionsspirit. He will always be known as an old master who spoke in modern work. Hisworks distorted the tones of painting, the human body, and landscape to make allsee what point he was making about a person or a scene he was painting. El Greco is one of the greatest portraitists in the history of painting. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-52358924648454361102019-12-04T12:56:00.001-08:002019-12-04T12:56:03.742-08:00Queensland Parliamentary Library Question: Discuss about the Queensland Parliamentary Library. Answer: Introduction: Independent contractor is appointed to provide goods and services, and no one give him instructions regarding his services while on the other hand employee receive instructions from his employer about his work. Independent contractor use his own methods and procedure for providing goods and services, but in case of employee methods and procedures are stated by the organization for which he work. Independent contractor does not receive any training from any institution but employee is trained by any particular institution for specific work (Goldsberry, n.d.). In Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21, High Court held that on the basis of following grounds it was able to conclude that Bicycle courier is an employee: There is no skilled labor provided tobicycle couriers, and they are not able to make any independent career, or to generate any goodwill. Bicycle couriers work is controlled by the Vabu, and they have very control on their procedure of work (Athanasiou, 2011). The main difference between the permanent worker and casual worker is whether worker has been working for the period of more than 12 months or whether worker is working for irregular working hours and less than 12 months. Second difference is contract between casual worker and employer is non-permanent contract (Legal Vision, 2014). Distinction between casual worker and permanent worker is important because it decide the pay scale, working hours, and leave policy, other policies of the organization and employment status of the employee (Fair Work Ombudsman, n.d.). Permanent employee has following rights in an organization: Permanent employee has right to get same pay as other permanent staff. Right to get same or equal benefit packages. Information related to permanent vacancies in an organization. Protection against dismissal. Third party employees are those people who are appointed by organization, agencies, and individual for part time or full time employment but for other person or organization (USF, n.d.). Following are the duties of employees towards employers: Do not breach any term of employment stated in employment contract. Serve faithfully to the employer (Business Dictionary, n.d.). Usually, employees undertake industrial action when dispute between employer and employee is not resolved with negotiation. There are three type of industrial action strike, lock out, and action sort of strike (Nidirect, n.d.). Union plays an important role in workplace by resolving the disputes at workplace, and they area also the voice of employees and they act as bargaining representatives in bargaining negotiations (Fair Work Ombudsman, n.d.) Duties of employer: Provide safe and healthy working environment in an organization. Pay fair salaries to the employees. Does not discriminate between employees. Provide basic facilities at workplace (OHS, n.d.). Mary works in restaurant, but she does not work permanently in restaurant. She works once or twice in a week when someone calls her. She does not join permanently because her children are not well. The lady who owns the restaurant call Mary when business is busy. Casual employees are those employees who does not work for guaranteed hours, work sometime for irregular hours, does not get any type of paid leave or sick leave, and they can end the employment without providing any notice. There is no universal definition for casual employees (Fair Work Ombudsman, n.d.). Casual employees work for irregular hours, and there is no guarantee that they are always available for employer. They are not entitled for benefits which are available to permanent employees, but some benefits are also available to them also. Paid holidays or sick leaves are not available for casual workers but they are entitled for the parental leave. Casual workers get higher pay from permanent workers, and they also get protection for being sacked unfairly under Fair work laws. Casual workers are entitled to: Get higher pay for per hour as compared to full time or part time workers, and this is called casual loading because casual workers are not entitled for the benefit of sick or annual leave. Unpaid community service leaves. They get carers leave which is unpaid for 2 days and 2 days compassionate leave per occasion. Section 106 of Fair Work Act 2009 states that casual employee is not entitled to get base pay rate on compassionate leave. Section further stated that for casual employee compassionate leave is unpaid leave. Casual Employment and the Industrial Relations Act Amendment Bill 2001of Queensland states the following changes: Protection provided to casual employees from dismissal on the basis of discriminatory grounds or fulfilling family responsibility. Now casual employees have access to unpaid parental leave or carers leave after one year of their services (Queensland Parliament, n.d.). Casual employee is completely different from full time or part time employee on the following basis: Under Fair Work Act part time employer and full time employer gets protection from unfair dismissal, and they are to able challenge such dismissal but casual workers are not able to challenge unfair dismissal. Usually, casual workers have no right to challenge the decision of dismissal even if they believe that dismissal is harsh, rude and unfair. Casual workers has right to challenge the unfair dismissal if they are covered under employment agreement or any modern award. Casual employees who has been employed by the organization on regular and continuous basis has right to bring claim against the unfair dismissal. It must be noted that if casual employee wants to claim against unfair dismissal then casual employee must be employed for the period of 6 months and that organization must have more than 15 employees or in case of small business at least for the period of 12 months. We can understand this with the help of case law that is Williams v MacMahon Mining Services Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 1321. In this case, court held that any type of work choice did not contain definition of casual but this word is attracted by the common law or irregular engagement of employee at workplace. This case law focus on the meaning of regular and systematic employment requirements under the fair work act, and it also sates the further factors to determine regular and systematic work. Court also stated that if working hours of an employee are small and the working days are irregular then court required further proof to decide whether person is casual employee or regular employee. Therefore, if employee has proof of more working hours and regular employment in the organization then he can be considered as regular employee, and if employee has proof that his casual work hours are more than full time work hours because of work load then he can used it as proof that there is regular and systematic work. So we can conclude that casual employees have right to challenge the unfair dismissal of employee (Find law, n.d.). In the present case, Mary works for small working hours and her working days are not regular which shows that there is no regular and systematic working. Therefore, Mary is an casual employee of the restaurant. Whether Notting Hill Business Pty Ltd is liable for the overpayment made by Tom, and also explains the position of Notting Hill Business Pty Ltd in this case? Many companies hire people through third party and it becomes trend now. Companies hire from third parties and saving their time and money that spend in recruiting process. Companies which act as a third party charge extra amount from the employer for the continues flow of workers. Third party hiring is a good and successful concept and there is no harm in it because employees get project in different company when first company project is over. Third parties employers are those agencies, organizations or individuals which recruit candidates for temporary or permanent employment opportunities but not for their own need. Third party employer includes those agencies which recruit people either for profit or for not for profit, and it also includes those agencies also which provide information of people to employers for the purpose of recruitment (APESMA, n.d.). In number of cases agencies, organizations providing staffing services, outsourcing contractors and other leasing firms will be treated as employers. However, these organizations recruit people for the other organizations then third-party professional conduct principles shall apply on these organizations. Vicarious liability: such organizations which provide such facility are the ultimate employer of the employee. Therefore, organizations are liable for the acts of their employees. Notting Hill Business Pty Ltd recruit experienced people for working in their office and also work in any other office at shorter notice. Employees who work in Notting Hill Business Pty Ltd can do anything in the office such as general and pay roll duties, working on reception and administration work. For providing these services Notting Hill Business Pty Ltd charges as per hour rate from the organizations that avail these services. When they go in other organization then they have to follow the instructions of those organizations in which they are recruiting. Every worker who goes out to other businesses has to dress professionally, be respectful and act properly. Any problems or issues have to be reported back to Notting Hill Business Pty Ltd. Tom who is working with Notting Hill Business Pty Ltd goes in another business organization. Tom is an expert in calculating an employees pay. He goes for a period of two days and he is told that he has to work under the direction of the company Accountant. Later Tom over pay to some employees and employees withdraw their money after it has been paid into the bank. One of the employees who have been overpaid disappears. In the present case, Notting Hill Business Pty Ltd is the actual employer off the Tom and they are liable for the act of Ton because any organizations which provide such facility are the ultimate employer of the employee. Therefore, organizations are liable for the acts of their employees. It was also held that agencies, organizations providing staffing services, outsourcing contractors and other leasing firms will be treated as employers. However, these organizations recruit people for the other organizations then third-party professional conduct principles shall apply on these organizations. Notting Hill Business Pty Ltd is vicarious liability for the act of Tom because they are ultimate employer of the Tom but In this Tom has to follow the instructions of the company in which he get appointment which means that Notting Hill Business Pty Ltd is not liable for the acts of Tom. Notting Hill Business Pty Ltd is the ultimate employer of the Tom but he is not liable for the act of Tom. References: Goldsberry, C. R. Differences between Employees and Independent Contractor. Retrieved on 2th December 2016 from: https://www.mdc.edu/hr/Operations/AFS/DifferencesBWIndepContAndEmployees.pdf. Athanasiou, A. (2011). Contractor or Employee? - The High Court Decision in Hollis v Vabu. Retrieved on 2th December 2016 from:https://www.tved.net.au/index.cfm?SimpleDisplay=PaperDisplay.cfmPaperDisplay=https://www.tved.net.au/PublicPapers/October_2001,_Accountants_Education_Channel___Tax,_Contractor_or_Employee____The_High_Court_Decision_in_Hollis_v_Vabu.html. Apesma. Contracting through an agency. Retrieved on 2th December 2016 from: https://www.professionalsaustralia.org.au/contractors-consultants/wp-content/uploads/sites/42/2015/01/Guide-to-Contracting-through-an-Agency-v2.pdf. Legal vision, (2014). What is a casual employee. Retrieved on 2th December 2016 from:https://legalvision.com.au/casual-employee/. Fair Work Ombudsman. Casual, part-time full-time. Retrieved on 2th December 2016 from:https://www.fairwork.gov.au/employee-entitlements/types-of-employees/casual-part-time-and-full-time. Business Dictionary. duties of employees. Retrieved on 2th December 2016 from: https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/duties-of-employees.html. OHS. Duties of Employers. Retrieved on 2th December 2016 from: https://www.ohsrep.org.au/law-rights/ohs-legislation/the-ohs-act/duties-of-employers. Nidirect. industrial action. Retrieved on 2th December 2016 from: https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/industrial-action. Fair Work Ombudsman. The role of unions. Retrieved on 2th December 2016 from: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/employee-entitlements/industrial-action-and-union-membership/the-role-of-unions. USF. Third Party Employers Policy. Retrieved on 2th December 2016 from: https://www.usf.edu/career-services/employers/third-party-employers-policy.aspx. Fair Work Act 2009 - Sec 106 Queensland Parliament. Queensland Parliamentary Library. Retrieved on 2th December 2016 from: https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/documents/explore/ResearchPublications/ResearchBriefs/2001/2001032.pdf. Fair Work Ombudsman. Casual employees. Retrieved on 2th December 2016 from: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/employee-entitlements/types-of-employees/casual-part-time-and-full-time/casual-employees. Williams v MacMahon Mining Services Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 1321. Find Law. Casual Employees and Unfair Dismissal Laws. Retrieved on 2th December 2016 from: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/4317/casual-employees-and-unfair-dismissal-laws.aspx. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-24488920310482376392019-11-28T03:08:00.001-08:002019-11-28T03:08:04.508-08:003 More Cases of Dangling Modifiers3 More Cases of Dangling Modifiers 3 More Cases of Dangling Modifiers 3 More Cases of Dangling Modifiers By Mark Nichol In each of the sentences below, the subject of the main clause is not logically associated with the subordinate clause, so the former must be recast to begin with the noun or pronoun in the sentence that the latter applies to, or the sentence must be revised so that a subject that pertains to the additional information provided at the head of the sentence replaces the inapt noun or pronoun. Discussion following each example explains the unsuitably of the existing subject, and revisions demonstrate how the sentences can be repaired. 1. Broken by unresolved trauma, the apocalypse is slowly wearing her down. The person referred to, not the apocalypse, is broken by unresolved trauma, so she must be the subject of the main clause: ââ¬Å"Broken by unresolved trauma, she is slowly being worn down by the apocalypse.â⬠2. As a valued customer of World Wide Wickets, we would like to extend an invitation to you to view some exclusive deals on our products. Because we is the first word that follows the subordinate clause, the erroneous implication is that the entity self-described as ââ¬Å"weâ⬠is a valued customer of the company, so the sentence must be recast to place the entity ââ¬Å"youâ⬠in that role; the ââ¬Å"weâ⬠can safely be omitted: ââ¬Å"As a valued customer of World Wide Wickets, you are cordially invited to view some exclusive deals on our products.â⬠3. Appearing on the cover of Time magazine in 1994, tales of his exploits on the job turned him into a local legend. This sentence implies that tales of a personââ¬â¢s exploits appeared on the cover of the magazine, but it was he himself who appeared on the cover, and the role of the tales in turning him into a local legend is a separate matter: ââ¬Å"He appeared on the cover of Time magazine in 1994, and tales of his exploits on the job turned him into a local legend.â⬠Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for ââ¬Å"Angryâ⬠The Parts of a Word7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-70986420298136632642019-11-24T10:42:00.001-08:002019-11-24T10:42:05.552-08:00The Education System Essay ExampleThe Education System Essay Example The Education System Essay The Education System Essay Essay Topic: Education This point has caused one of the main criticisms of looking at cultural deprivation as the reason for working class underachievement. Critics have argued that working class parents seem less interested and less encouraging because of their situation and circumstances. They want to show their children what life is like realistically for the working class, that high occupational status is a dream. Another criticism of cultural deprivation has been by those who feel that material factors are more important. These critics are structuralists, and think that it is important to focus on what parents can provide materialistically that would encourage their children to do better at school, for example a quiet room for homework and appropriate books. If there is not enough money for books, the student has to get a part-time job which is likely to result in less time spent on schoolwork, thus not doing well in exams. There are other critics of cultural deprivation who feel it is important to look at factors of the school which affect the performance of different social class students. For example, there are subcultures (anti-social, anti-school) which working class students are more likely to be drawn into, and so their educational performance is obviously affected. The next explanation was a criticism of the last one material deprivation, or material factors. These theorists believe the students homes background influences and affects them the most. This is very much a structuralist view. The argument is that working class parents cannot afford the materials necessary for their children to do well. The children are likely to share bedrooms with other siblings and dont have a quiet place for study, and my have to get a part-time job if their parents are not financially secure. Working class parents are also less likely to be able to attend parents meetings because they have a clash of time with work. Working class students are less likely to continue to higher education because their parents simply cannot afford tuition fees and the extra necessities of university. All these negative aspects of material deprivation are why many sociologists argue that material factors are why working class students are relative failures in the education system. However, as with inheritance and heredity, and cultural deprivation, material factors have also been criticised. Those who do not believe in material deprivation focus more on in school factors and how these affect performance. They argue it is more important to look at how the school can provide materialistically, but overriding this, culturally. For example, they look at the dominant culture and value system of teachers. In school, teachers have authority and students of working class, in particular, feel intimidated and do not want to do well. This often results in a case of teacher versus student values debate. Where the teacher may encourage the benefits of education, the student may feel that the teachers authority and nagging is discouraging. There are many other in school factors that sociologists have put forward, which became the next explanation interpretivist arguments. The interpretivist explanation for working class underachievement focuses on in school factors. They believe there are many things that happen inside school which prevent working class students performing as well as middle class students. One of these factors is subcultures, both anti-school and anti-social. Working class students find themselves easily drawn into these subcultures, often with excuses such as the teachers picking on me so Im not going to his/her lesson. Peer pressure is also a major issue in anti-school subcultures. When one student decides that school isnt for them and does not attend, they need somebody or several fellow students to truant with. Students who may have previously conformed do not want to be left out and join the anti-school feeling. Two important in school factors of the interpretivist argument are teacher labelling and streaming. Labelling is where a teacher prejudges a working class student, labelling them as useless, thus giving middle class students more attention and support. This drives working class students away in anti-school subcultures and holds them back from educational success. Streaming is where students are split and taught in groups of their perceived ability. David Hargreaves, an interactionist, claimed streaming created an increased amount of feeling inferior as lower stream boys progress to more mature ages. This affects how they feel towards education and more than often results in poor exam performance. As older students feel inferior and join anti-school subcultures, younger students find themselves without role models and in turn feel anti-school. Both labelling and streaming involve teachers stereotyping students of all social classes, which can lead to discrimination, e. g. sexism and racism. Again, interpretivists have also found themselves being criticised for their views. The critics are structuralists who feel it is more important to look at out of school factors and the students home background, in other words material and mainly cultural factors at home. Focuses are on things such as the values of and attitudes to education at home, and religious and cultural values. Critics argue that parents of working class students have very different values and attitudes to education than middle class parents. For example, working class parents may find it important to emphasise survival as key in their childrens futures, whereas middle class parents could believe in encouraging their children to aim as high as possible and achieve all they possibly can. Religious and cultural values are also important in the structuralist view. Where features of religion may interfere with how students are taught, their parents may choose to pull them out of the education system. A current example of this is the banning of the Muslim scarf in French schools. It is a vital aspect of Islam for females to wear a scarf, so where I has been banned, huge protests have been held and many Muslim parents have taken their children somewhere Islam can be practised and the children can be educated. Critics of interpretivists also think peer pressure in the area where the student lives is important. If there is an anti-school subculture in the area, the student is extremely likely to be a part of it as it its where they spend most of their time. As time has passed, each of the explanations offered for working class underachievement have become more developed, and have also faced more criticism. The first sociologists to look into this issue believe intelligence is inherited and measurable, and middle class parents are generally more intelligent. They also believe in IQ tests and think they are an excellent way of measuring intelligence. However, there are opponents to this suggestion who believe IQ tests are unfair and cannot be used to test member of different social classes and people of subcultures within social classes and ethnic groups. There are many weaknesses and not many strengths to the argument of inheritance and heredity. Though the sociologists argue that intelligence is inherited from parents, there has not been a study to prove that this is so, i. e. no evidence has been provided to back up this idea. They do, on the other hand, not deny that there are less intelligent middle class students and more intelligent working class children. I agree with the critics who claim that IQ tests are unfair because when an IQ test is created, it will in some way be biased to a certain group (usually the middle class). There would be questions on the test that working class children would not be familiar with, thus failing to perform well and being labelled unintelligent. This is an extremely unfair way to explain why working class students are relative failures in the education system. Cultural deprivation was offered by those sociologists who felt working class children were brought up in a culture where people around them placed a lower value on education and where their parents were much less interested in their schooling than middle class parents. I agree with the critics who say that it is unfair to say working class parents are uninterested in their childrens education because it is their circumstances that put them in that position. A weakness of this argument is that although a researcher may have looked into a working class family and found that their argument was proven correct, not all working class families are this way and many do encourage academic success. As a reason for working class underachievement, cultural factors are important to look at but do not apply to all working class families. The sociologists who argue that material deprivation at home is the cause for working class underachievement have a strong argument. They claim that working class parents are unable to afford the materialistic requirements of school and that this forces their children to fall behind and perform badly. Though this is a very valid argument, it is important to look at other factors as well as materialistic factors at home. For example, material and cultural factors at school are equally important, and should all be taken into consideration. The interpretivist argument focused on in school factors and how these affected the performance of students. The sociologists looked at things such as anti-school subcultures and teacher labelling and streaming. Like the sociologists who agree with material factors, interpretivists fail to look at other factors. They see in school factors as the sole reason for working class underachievement, which is not correct. Though it is also a valid argument like material deprivation, it should not be forgotten that the home background of a student is equally important to look at as well as the state of the school. I think that inheritance and heredity do not cause working class underachievement, but that a combination of cultural and material factors both at home and at school cause working class students to be relative failures in the education system. Where each individual theory counts out the others as valid reasons, I think this is wrong and that all count equally towards working class underachievement. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-34772228386838048622019-11-21T07:12:00.001-08:002019-11-21T07:12:10.454-08:00Marketing plan stage2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsMarketing plan stage2 - Assignment Example The company should introduce new products in the market and modify existing less popular items according to taste and preference patterns of contemporary consumers. The success of the current marketing plan should be reviewed and determined with the help of several assessment means such as, market share analysis, target customers sales, budgeting and customersââ¬â¢ feedback (Stryker, 1998). The research paper elaborates on an appropriate marketing plan for Pepsi Company. The company operates in a highly competitive industry. With the help of a marketing plan, the company can improve brand position within the industry. However, marketing strategies of the company cannot be formulated without a precise analysis about financial status of PepsiCo (Kotler, 2008). The following financial analysis is based on data collected from financial review of the company in stage one marketing plan. From the trend line above, it can be claimed that scale of business operations of PepsiCo had significantly fallen after the financial crisis (Kotler, 2008). Even so, companyââ¬â¢s business has achieved high growth rates 2011 onwards. PepsiCo operates within the beverage industry. Over time, the global beverage industry has adapted to several changes, due to shifts in taste and preference patterns of consumers. The extent of market rivalry experienced by firms within this industry is high, where the biggest rival of PepsiCo is Coca-Cola. Both these firms adopt competitive pricing strategies in business. The products of these firms are sold at reasonable prices so as to capture a wide range of potential customers from different income strata. Hence, it can be claimed that firms within the beverage industry faces monopolistic competitive pressure as they sell qualitatively differentiated products (Kotler, 2008). As in a typical monopolistic industry, each firm functions as a profit Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-18483468520547993932019-11-20T08:36:00.001-08:002019-11-20T08:36:07.874-08:00Law Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 wordsLaw Case Analysis - Essay Example The House of Commons can implement the judgement at its level. Considering the case of Spiliada Maritime V. Cansulex, the house of commons did not fully give a satisfaction to the defendant thus the defendant went ahead and made an appeal given by Lord Goff where He made a ruling that, there was enough natural form including applicable law relating to the matter, availability of witnesses, presence of the residence of the two parties and that the plaintiff had a possibility of obtaining foreign jurisdiction. Thus, there was making of a judgement by the Supreme Court. In this case, there is a judgement considering that there is no other jurisdiction that suits the requirements of the parties. The procedure the court follows includes; granting the basic principle when there is enough satisfaction by the court that there is another forum that can settle the dispute forum of the parties thus applying more suitably to the satisfaction of the parties. The court then determines the legal bu rden of proof which shows enough evidence. The Supreme Court then determines who lies with the burden depending on the existence of a natural or a forum which is appropriate. After this, the court finds the factors that show there is the existence of another forum which entails the presence of enough witnesses as well as the law that will be under administration in settling the dispute. At this moment, the court will get to a conclusion as to whether another forum is available. If there is another forum, the court then grants a stay considering the circumstances surrounding the dispute as seen in the ruling of Lord Goff1. Factors that the court takes into consideration and illustrative cases In relation to the forum non conveniens, its appropriateness is brought to question and also the applicability of the principle of forum non conveniens. This relates to cost, the outcome as well as the delays in the implementation of the principle. The principle finds its application in internat ional law especially in the private section. Its long process of implementation makes the principle to be in use in the domestic system, which involves cases where the judicial structure does not have a structure that has unification and where the judicial system is federal. The uncertainty of the outcome is due to the expansions in the level of jurisdiction in the legislation where plaintiffs can file a suit at their residential places. According to the code of civil procedure, there should be the filling of suits in the residential place of the defendant rather than that of the plaintiff. There are many details in this system due to the fact that the defendant will not accept the filling of the suit to take place at the residence of the plaintiff; this is because it may be taken as a weapon of harassment forcing the defendant to go to the residence of the plaintiff which may be far. Further, many past judgements have taken effect thus the court may have a challenge in deciding whi ch is the best channel to solve the dispute amicably thus leading to delays. There are enormous costs from the implementation of this principle where, the defendant and the plaintiff may face off due to the fact that they have the right for the cases to be heard at the place due to the cost as well as moving there witnesses to the residence Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-81174959104520962982019-11-17T23:33:00.001-08:002019-11-17T23:33:03.008-08:00Dynamics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsDynamics - Assignment Example Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the mass. If the shaft rotating at 200RPM, determine the force excreted on the shaft. Ashaft rotating at 500RPM carries masses of A = 3kg, B = 4kg and C = 2kg at distances of 0.9m, 0.7m, and 1.7m from the shaft respectively. The angles of A, B, and C respect to horizontal are 40o, 130o, and 290o respectively. In an Epicyclic gearbox, the Annulus gear ââ¬Å"Aâ⬠is fixed and the input shaft is connected to the Sun gear ââ¬Å"Sâ⬠which rotates at 1800RPM. The Sun gear has 60 teeth and there are three planet gears ââ¬Å"Pâ⬠. The gear ratio between the Sun gear and Planet gear is 2:1.The input power is 45kW and the efficiency is 85%. Sketch a simple arrangement and calculate: Pass: All questions in section A (including all parts) must be attempted and answered. The assessment criteria and the learning outcomes for Pass grade must be met and fundamental understanding must be demonstrated on this assignment. Merit: All questions in section A (including all parts) and question B7 in section B must be answered with reasonable accuracy and with no major errors. A neat presentation and good communication of assignment is essential. The assessment criteria for Pass and Merit grade must be met and knowledge and understanding must be demonstrated on this assignment. Distinction: All questionsin section A and section B (B7 & B8) must be answered fully correct with no errors. All the criteria for Pass, Merit and Distinction must be met. A neat presentation of assignment including any references/ bibliography is essential. All the answers in section B must be synthesised and clearly justified. All the SI units must be clearlyshown in front of calculations, showing full understanding on this Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4407983388694054173.post-85099016743265370282019-11-15T12:04:00.001-08:002019-11-15T12:04:07.952-08:00Presentation on the Expansion of the UniversePresentation on the Expansion of the Universe Good morning/afternoon, today I will be talking to you about the expanding universe. The topics that I will be covering today would be: thesis statement, Background to the Universe Expansion, what causes it to expand? what evidence are there to support it, did it start from the Big Bang? And what happens to the galaxies as it expands? These topics will be supported through the key idea; how gravity is related to the expansion of the universe? I would like to begin with my thesis statement, the universe is expanding and as the universe expands the galaxies are all moving away from each other in all directions and the once that are the farthest are moving the fastest. Does this mean that no matter what galaxy we are in, everything is expanding?, is our galaxy the milky way also expanding? Does this mean that the entire solar system is expanding? What about the things on earth? And also does the amount of matter present also increase through the expansion? The answer to all these questi on relates back to the year of 1929 when an astronomer at named Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding through the biggest telescope that was available in his time. He pointed the telescope at distant galaxies and for the first time we could see those distant galaxies and he noticed something very funny about the light from them. The light from those galaxies were red shifted which means those galaxies were moving away from us. Redshift ââ¬â Hubble constant Now like sound, light travel out from its source as a wave, different colours have different wavelengths, blue light have a relatively short wavelength whereas red light have a relatively longer wavelength. Consider an object that moves away from you, as it continues to move then the wavelength of its light get stretched and moves towards the red end of the spectrum and so we call this a red shift. Every galaxy that Hubble looked at was rushing away from our galaxy Milky Way. He realised that the further away the galaxy was, the bigger the redshift of the light and that meant those galaxies were moving away from us at faster and faster speeds. Itââ¬â¢s not that the galaxies are moving apart but itââ¬â¢s the fact that the entire universe is expanding, the whole of space is getting bigger. This discovery led us to an astonishing conclusion that all the matter that we see today must at one time have been in a very dense and hot region of space and that is the phase we call the Big Bang. The fate of the universe It is taken around 13 billion years for our visible universe to get to where it is today, but what does the future hold and tell us about ten years ago, cosmologist have three theories for what would happen to our universe: one the open universe ââ¬â if there wasnââ¬â¢t enough gravity, then the universe would keep slowly expanding for ever and become infinite. Two the closed universe ââ¬â that the amount of gravity in the universe would slow its expansion down until it collapses back in on itself, And three the flat universe ââ¬â that there would be just a perfect amount of gravity so that the universe grows to a particular size and then stops. But then astronomers discovered something completely unexpected. The expansion of the universe is accelerating and they realised that there must be something pushing on it and we donââ¬â¢t know what it is, but we know it is there. In early times of 1900s, astronomers presumed that the universe was slowing down and that the gravity would hold everything down and maybe will come back and explode again and people expressed this idea with a mathematical expression that the universe is flat meaning that the universe will continue to expand slowly without ever stopping. But relatively now in this 21st century, astronomers were trying to find out that at which rate is the universe slowing down using extraordinary technologies like telescopes all around the world and observing the dark night sky and the supernovas referring to the standard brightness that relates to the distances. But what they actually discovered was that the universe is not slowing down. But it is accelerating; the universe is accelerating at its expansion and do you know why? No one knows why, no one knows why but what you hear these days is the expression dark matter or dark energy and these are mathematical concepts which explain the gravitationa l attractions of galaxies, clusters of stars and their expansion. Doesnââ¬â¢t it seem logical that something is out there that is causing the universe to expand, it can be considered here also on Earth but itââ¬â¢s the fact the we donââ¬â¢t know how to detect it. The Hubble diagram Now days we have the distance that Hubble measured using the sapphires and the velocity he measured using the red shift and the blue shift of the spectra. So we are scientists we like to make charts and graphs so letââ¬â¢s graph these two things, the galaxy velocity versus the galaxy distance and this is the chart that Hubble made. Each of the point on this graph is a unique galaxy and what you can see here is that many, in fact most of the galaxies are redshifted. Moreover, galaxies that are further away are higher redshifted than galaxies that are close. Now yes there are couple blueshifted galaxies on this plot if you look closely, and thatââ¬â¢s alright because these are galaxies that are actually very close to us such as the Andromeda galaxy and it turns out that we are gravitationally attracted to one another, we are pulling each other in and we will in couple billion years slam into the Andromeda galaxy and will make one big new galaxy. Now we can ignore those local effe cts but the general overwhelming effect is that galaxies that recede faster from us, the more distant they are and this is the Hubble law. And this of course, is another c change in our understanding of the universe because what it suggests or supports is that instead of living in just a universe with the galaxies that are sort of hanging out and not doing much, we are actually living inside an expanding universe. The grid expanding universe representation This grid represents space and each little square is a bit of space and these little dots are the galaxies that recede in space and now galaxies are free to move through space, they do that too like I said that we are going to hit Andromeda and thatââ¬â¢s because both galaxies are moving through space at one another. But the other thing that happens is that the galaxies move away from one another because space itself is expanding between them.so here is space at some beginning time and here is space at a later time when the space itself has expanded. You can see that the galaxies havenââ¬â¢t moved relative to the grid of space but theyââ¬â¢ve moved from one another because the space itself has gotten much larger and no matter where you are, no matter which galaxy that you are in, if you look at all the other galaxies they all appear to be moving away from you with a velocity that is proportional to their distance, so things that are moving away faster are more distant from u s. The balloon example You can also think of the example of a balloon being blown up, just imagine the surface of the balloon and there are little dots that are little galaxies all over the surface of the balloon and as you blow it up the surface itself increases and so all the little dots representing galaxies move away from all the other little dots on the surface and are accelerating in their expansion and this is the universe that we live in now. This agency that is causing this accelerating expansion is called the dark energy, so it appears that although we answered all of the big questions, we are still left with many more. We donââ¬â¢t know what the dark matter is but we know that it is there. What happened in the early stages of our universe? We donââ¬â¢t know the answer to that either. We havenââ¬â¢t got any clue to as what our universe is going to be doing billions of years of now, we just donââ¬â¢t know because we donââ¬â¢t understand it but with the astonishing technologies that are available to us today and through the discovery of Edwin Hubble, we know one thing for sure, the universe is expanding. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877034823418642661noreply@blogger.com0